Abstract
Objective: Humans are exposed to various carcinogens by smoking. Urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), one of the major carcinogens in cigarette smoke, were measured as the environmental carcinogen exposure marker for humans. We evaluated urinary exposure markers for smoking cessation. Method: In this study, we measured cigarette smoke exposure markers, such as urinary cotinine, PAH exposure markers, such as urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), 2-naphthol (2-NP) and 1-naphthol (1-NP), as well as a methylating chemical exposure marker, 7-methylguanine (7-MeG). The before smoking cessation levels of these markers, and the after smoking cessation levels were then compared. Eighteen subjects participated in this smoking cessation program. Results: Levels of all of four markers were found to have decreased by 19–54% after smoking cessation. Urinary cotinine, 1-OHP, 2-NP and 7-MeG levels were found to have significantly decreased after smoking cessation. There were positive correlations between cotinine and three urinary PAH markers and between 1-OHP, 2-NP and 7-MeG. Conclusion: PAH metabolites were better biomarkers of smoking cessation than 7-MeG. Analyzing urinary metabolites or urinary DNA adducts is suitable for epidemiological studies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Angerer J, Mannschreck C, Gündel J (1997) Biological monitoring and biochemical effect monitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 70:365–377
Elovaara E, Heikkila P, Pyy L, Mutanen P, Riihimaki V (1995) Significance of dermal and respiratory uptake in creosote workers: exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene. Occup Environ Med 52:196–203
Haley N, Sepkovic D, Hoffmann D (1989) Elimination of cotinine from body fluids: disposition in smokers and nonsmokers. Am J Public Health 79:1046–1048
Hara K, Hanaoka T, Yamano Y, Pan G, Ichiba M, Wang Y, Zhang J, Feng Y, Guan D, Gao G, Xu Z, Takahashi K, Itani T (1998) Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Chinese coke oven workers. Nagoya Med J 42:157–169
Hecht SS (1999) DNA adduct formation from tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Mutat Res 424:127–142
Hecht SS (2002) Human urinary carcinogen metabolites: biomarkers for investigating tobacco and cancer. Carcinogenesis 23:907–922
Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Chen M, Dor Koch JF, Miller AT, Murphy SE, Jensen JA, Zimmerman CL, Hatsukami DK (1999) Quantitation of urinary metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen after smoking cessation. Cancer Res 59:590–596
Kasai H, Iwamoto-Tanaka N, Miyamoto T, Kawanami K, Kawanami S, Kido R, Ikeda M (2001) Life style and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative DNA damage: effects of exercise, working conditions, meat intake, body mass index, and smoking. Jpn J Cancer Res 92:9–15
Kim H, Kim YD, Lee H, Kawamoto T, Yang M, Katoh T (1999) Assay of 2-naphthol in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B 734:211–217
Kim H, Cho SH, Kang JW, Kim YD, Nan HM, Lee CH, Lee H, Kawamoto T (2001) Urinary 1-hydroxy pyrene and 2-naphthol concentrations in male Koreans. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 74:59–62
Kyrtopoulos SA (1998) DNA adducts in humans after exposure to methylating agents. Mutat Res 405:135–143
Malkin R, Kiefer M, Tolos W (1996) 1-Hydroxypyrene levels in coal-handling workers at a coke oven. J Occup Environ Med 38:1141–1144
Marnett LJ, Burcham PC (1993) Endogenous DNA adducts: potential and paradox. Chem Res Toxicol 6:771–785
Mustonen R, Hemminki K (1992) 7-Methylguanine levels in DNA of smokers and nonsmokers total white blood cells, granulocyte and lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 13:1951–1955
Nilsson R, Nordlinder R, Moen BE, Ovrebo S, Bleie K, Skorve AH, Hollund BE, Tagesson C (2004) Increased urinary excretion of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in engine room personnel exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Occup Environ Med 61:692–696
Preuss R, Angerer J (2004) Simultaneous determination of 1- and 2-naphthol in human urine using on-line clean-up column-switching liquid chromatography fluorescence detection. J Chromatgr B 801:307–316
Preuss R, Angerer J, Drexler H (2003) Naphthalene—an environmental and occupational toxicant. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 76:556–576
Preuss R, Koch HM, Wilhelm M, Pischetsrieder M, Angerer J (2004) Pilot study on the naphthalene exposure of German adults and children by means of urinary 1- and 2- naphthol levels. Int J Hyg Environ Health 207:444–445
Shuker DE, Farmer PB (1992) Relevance of urinary DNA adducts as markers of carcinogen exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 5:450–460
Stillwell WG, Glogowski J, Xu HX, Wishnok JS, Zavala D, Montes G, Correa P, Tannenbaum SR (1991) Urinary excretion of nitrate, N-nitrosoproline, 3-methyladenine, and 7-methylguanine in a Colombian population at high risk for stomach cancer. Cancer Res 51:190–194
Svoboda P, Kasai H (2004) Simultaneous HPLC analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and 7-methylguanine in urine from humans and rodents. Anal Biochem 334:239–250
Van Rooij JG, Veeger MM, Bodelier-Bade MM, Scheepers PT, Jongeneelen FJ (1994) Smoking and dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as sources of interindividual variability in the baseline excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 66:55–65
WHO (1998) Environmental Health Criteria 202 selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. WHO, Geneva
Yamano Y, Tokutake T, Haga M, Ishihara Y, Moronobu S, Kagawa J (1990) Determination of cotinine by high performance liquid chromatography and evaluation of exposure to tobacco smoke. Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of Japan Association of Industrial Health, 126 (in Japanese)
Yang M, Koga M, Katoh T, Kawamoto T (1999) A study for the proper application of urinary naphthols, new biomarkers for airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 36:99–108
Zhao ZH, Quan WY, Tian DH (1990) Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as an indicator of human exposure to ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coal-burning environment. Sci Total Environ 92:145–154
Zhao C, Tyndyk M, Eide I, Hemminki K (1999) Endogenous and background DNA adducts by methylating and 2-hydroxyethylating agents. Mutat Res 424:117–125
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank all the volunteers who participated in this study. This study was supported in part by the Grant in Aid for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ichiba, M., Matsumoto, A., Kondoh, T. et al. Decreasing urinary PAH metabolites and 7-methylguanine after smoking cessation. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 79, 545–549 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-005-0071-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-005-0071-6