Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ in Staphylococcus epidermidis slime-positive experimental endophthalmitis is closely related to clinical inflammatory scores

  • Laboratory Investigation
  • Published:
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ in the vitreous after experimentally induced endophthalmitis by a Staphylococcus epidermidis slime-producing strain.

Methods

Seventy-two experimental Lewis rats received an intravitreal injection of 7000 viable organisms of Staphylococcus epidermidis slime-producing ATCC strain 35983, while 72 control rats received an intravitreal injection of sterile normal saline. Eyes were graded daily for signs of clinical inflammation and were removed 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h, and 7 days after injection. Vitreous was obtained and titers of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ were measured with established enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

In the experimental group, the clinical inflammatory score reached maximum (4+) within 24 h, while inflammation was almost abolished by day 7 (score 0–0.5+). Statistically increased levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were detected in the experimental vitreous with maximum levels observed at 12 h. IFN-γ was also detected in the experimental vitreous and reached maximum levels at 48 h. None of the cytokines examined was detected in sera at any time point in experimental or control rats.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that Staphylococcus epidermidis experimental endophthalmitis induces the expression of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ in the vitreous. The time course of those cytokine expression levels is closely associated to the clinical presentation of this endophthalmitis model.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bodé DD Jr, Gelender H, Forster RK (1985) A retrospective review of endophthalmitis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci. Br J Ophthalmol 69:915–919

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Brinser JH, Burd EM (1986) Principles of diagnostic ocular microbiology. In: Tabbara KF, Hyndiuk RA (eds) Infections of the eye. Little, Brown, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  3. Chan CC, Hikita N, Dastgheib K, Whitcup SM, Gery I, Nussenblatt RB (1994) Experimental melanin-protein-induced uveitis in the Lewis rat. Ophthalmology 101:1275–1280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Charteris DG, Lightman SL (1992) Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production in vivo in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Immunology 75:463–467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Cousins SW, Guss RB, Howes EL Jr, Rosenbaum JT (1984) Endotoxin-induced uveitis in the rat: observations on altered vascular permeability, clinical findings, and histology. Exp Eye Res 39:665–676

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. de Smet MD, Chan CC (2001) Regulation of ocular inflammation: what experimental and human studies have taught us. Prog Retin Eye Res 20:761–797

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. El-Ghrably IA, Dua HS, Orr GM, Fischer D, Tighe PJ (2001) Intravitreal invading cells contribute to vitreal cytokine milieu in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 85:461–470

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Giese MJ, Sumner HL, Berliner JA, Mondino BJ (1998) Cytokine expression in a rat model of Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:2785–2790

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA, Kuby J (2003) Immunology, 5th edn. WH Freeman and Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  10. Han DP, Wisniewski SR, Wilson LA, Barza M, Vine AK, Doft BH, Kelsey SF, Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study Group (1996) Spectrum and susceptibilities of microbiologic isolates in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Am J Ophthalmol 122:1–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hikichi T, Ueno N, Chakrabarti B, Trempe CL (1996) Vitreous changes during ocular inflammation induced by interleukin 1 beta. Jpn J Ophthalmol 40:297–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Howes EL Jr, Cole PW, Adair TM, Cruse VK, Pollycove M (1994) Cellular and vascular responses in acute experimental ocular inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:4031–4038

    Google Scholar 

  13. Janeaway CA Jr, Travers P (1994) Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease. Current Biology Ltd, Middlesex House, London, and Garland Publishing Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kim IT, Park SK, Lim JH (1999) Inflammatory response in experimental Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas endophthalmitis. Ophthalmologica 213:305–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kresloff MS, Castellarin AA, Zarbin MA (1998) Endophthalmitis. Surv Ophthalmol 43:193–224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kunkel SL, Lukacs N, Strieter RM (1996) Cytokines and inflammatory disease. In: Sirica AE (ed) Cellular and molecular pathogenesis. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, pp 23–35

    Google Scholar 

  17. Megyeri K, Mandi Y, Degre M, Rosztoczy I (2002) Induction of cytokine production by different staphylococcal strains. Cytokine 19:206–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Meredith TA, Trabelsi A, Miller MJ, Aguilar E, Wilson LA (1990) Spontaneous sterilization in experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:181–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Okada AA (1998) Cytokine therapy in eye disease. Arch Ophthalmol 116:1514–1516

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Oppenheim JJ, Ruscetti FW, Faltynek C (1994) Cytokines. In: Stites DP, Terr AI, Parslow TG (eds) Basic and clinical immunology, 8th edn. Appleton and Lange, East Norwalk, pp 105–123

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ormerod LD, Becker LE, Cruise RJ, Grohar HI, Paton BG, Frederick AR Jr, Topping TM, Weiter JJ, Buzney SM, Baker AS (1993) Endophthalmitis caused by the coagulase-negative staphylococci. 2. Factors influencing presentation after cataract surgery. Ophthalmology 100:724–729

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ormerod LD, Ho DD, Becker LE, Cruise RJ, Grohar HI, Paton BG, Frederick AR Jr, Topping TM, Weiter JJ, Buzney SM, Ling RA, Baker AS (1993) Endophthalmitis caused by the coagulase-negative staphylococci. 1. Disease spectrum and outcome. Ophthalmology 100:715–723

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ravindranath RM, Hasan SA, Mondino BJ (1997) Immunopathologic features of Staphylococcus epidermidis-induced endophthalmitis in the rat. Curr Eye Res 16:1036–1043

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Rosenbaum JT (1993) Cytokines: the good, the bad, and the unknown. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34:2389–2391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Rosenbaum JT, Samples JR, Hefeneider SH, Howes EL Jr (1987) Ocular inflammatory effects of intravitreal interleukin 1. Arch Ophthalmol 105:1117–1120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Seamone CD, Jackson WB (2004) Immunology of the external eye. In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA (eds) Duane’s clinical ophthalmology, vol 4. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1–52 (chap. 2)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Shrader SK, Band JD, Lauter CB, Murphy P (1990) The clinical spectrum of endophthalmitis: incidence, predisposing factors, and features influencing outcome. J Infect Dis 162:115–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Szabo SJ, Sullivan BM, Peng SL, Glimcher LH (2003) Molecular mechanisms regulating Th1 immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 21:713–758

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to thank Andrew R. Whatham, DPhil, for his assistance in the statistical elaboration of the results.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 22 Alcide-Jentzer street, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland

    Ioannis K. Petropoulos

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 265 00, Patras, Greece

    Chrysoula V. Vantzou & Nikolaos M. Pharmakakis

  3. Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 265 00, Patras, Greece

    Fotini N. Lamari

  4. Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 265 00, Patras, Greece

    Nikolaos K. Karamanos

  5. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 265 00, Patras, Greece

    Evangelos D. Anastassiou

Authors
  1. Ioannis K. Petropoulos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chrysoula V. Vantzou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fotini N. Lamari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nikolaos K. Karamanos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Evangelos D. Anastassiou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Nikolaos M. Pharmakakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nikolaos M. Pharmakakis.

Additional information

The authors have no financial interest related to the manuscript, and received no financial support.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Petropoulos, I.K., Vantzou, C.V., Lamari, F.N. et al. Expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ in Staphylococcus epidermidis slime-positive experimental endophthalmitis is closely related to clinical inflammatory scores. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmo 244, 1322–1328 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-006-0261-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-006-0261-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation