Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Non-invasive polarimetric measurement of glucose concentration in the anterior chamber of the eye

  • Short Communication
  • Published:
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases in industrialized countries as well as in emerging economies such as India or China. One of the key technologies for diabetes therapy is semi-continuous monitoring of the glucose level of diabetics.

Methods

Compared with skin-perforating techniques, optical measurement techniques promising good results bear the potential for high patient compliance with more frequent measurements. Due to its excellent optical properties, the anterior chamber and the aqueous humor (AH) contained therein offer promise for non-invasive in vivo glucose measurements. However, a number of strongly limiting factors, such as the precise optical properties of the eye, laser safety regulations and subconscious eye movements during the measurement period have to be considered for in vivo applications.

Results

This article presents a high-resolution polarimetric measurement system that utilizes the optical rotatory dispersion (optical activity) of the glucose molecule for measurements of the glucose concentration in AH.

Conclusion

Based on this example of a suitable optical measurement system, the special limitations and conditions that have to be considered for in vivo glucose measurement at the human eye are presented and analyzed. This includes the optical properties of the cornea and the anterior chamber, the impact of typical eye movements during a measurement and laser safety regulations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

References

  1. Alio J, Pradon M (1982) Influence of age on temperature of the anterior segment of the eye. Measurement by infrared thermometry. Ophthalmic Res 14:153–159

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Baba J, Meledeo A, Cameron BD, Coté GL (2001) Investigation of pH and temperature on optical rotatory dispersion for noninvasive glucose monitoring. Proc SPIE 4263

  3. Böckle S, Rovati L, Ansari RR (2002) Polarimetric glucose sensing using Brewster-reflection off of eye lens: theoretical analysis, optical diagnostics and sensing of biological fluids and glucose and cholesterol monitoring II. Proc SPIE 4624:160–164

    Google Scholar 

  4. Born M, Wolf E (1980) Principles of optics. Pergamon, New York

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cameron BD, Coté GL (2000) Optical polarimetry applied to the development of a noninvasive in-vivo glucose monitor. Proc SPIE BiOS

  6. Cameron BD, Gorde H, Coté GL (1999) Development of an optical polarimeter for in vivo glucose monitoring. SPIE 3599:43–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Center for Disease Control: http://www.cdc.gov/Diabetes/, National diabetics fact sheet

  8. Chou C, Lin P-K (2000) Noninvasive glucose monitoring with optical heterodyne technique. Diabetes Technol Ther 2:45–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329:977–986

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1997) Lifetime benefits and costs of intensive therapy as practiced in the diabetes control and complications trial. Clin Diabetes 15:140–146

    Google Scholar 

  11. European safety laser regulations: EN/IEC 60825-1:1993 + A11:1996 + A2:2001 (November 2001)

  12. Gullstrand A (1924) Helmholz’s physiological optics. Optical Society of America, App. pp 350–358

  13. Liou H-L, Brennan NA (1997) Anatomically accurate, finite eye model for optical modelling. J Opt Soc Am A 14:1684–1695

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. International Diabetes Foundation: http://www.idf.org/

  15. Le Grand Y, El Hage SG (1980) Physiological optics. Springer Series in Optical Science. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

  16. McNichols RJ, Cameron BD, Coté GL (2001) Development of a non-invasive polarimetric glucose sensor, IEEE, LEOS Newsletter

  17. Pierscionek BK (1994) Refractive index of the human lens surface measured with an optical fibre sensor. Ophthalmic Res 66:32–35

    Google Scholar 

  18. Pierscionek BK, Chan DYC (1998) Refractive index gradient of human lenses. Optom Vis Sci 66:822–829

    Google Scholar 

  19. Rawer R, Stork W et al (2002) Polarimetric methods for measurements of intra ocular glucose concentration. 36. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Biomedizinische Technik (DGBMT). Schiele Schön 47:186–187

    Google Scholar 

  20. Rawer R, Malz A, Vollmer P, Stork W (2003) Analysis of signal processing scheme for polarimetric in-vivo glucose measurement in aqueous humor. 37. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Biomedizinische Technik (DGBMT). Schiele Schön 48:430–431

    Google Scholar 

  21. Rysa P, Sarvaranta J (1974) Corneal temperature in man and rabit. Observations made using an infra-red camera and a cold chamber. Acta Ophthalmol Copenh Suppl 123:324–339

    Google Scholar 

  22. Schrader W (2000) Spektrometrie des Auges: Wege zur nichtinvasiven Diagnostik. Habilitationsschrift, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg

    Google Scholar 

  23. World Health Organization (WHO) http://www.who.int/

  24. Yu NT, Long JR, Price JF et al (1996) Development of a noninvasive diabetes screening device using the ratio of fluorescence to Rayleigh scattered light. J Biomed Opt 3:280–288

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

This work was partially supported by grants from the VDI/VDE-Technologiezentrum Informationstechnik (VDI/VDE-IT) on behalf of the German Ministry for Research and Education (BMBF) program “Microsystemtechnik 2000+.”

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Technik der Informationsverarbeitung (ITIV), Universität Karlsruhe, Engesser Strasse 5, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Rainer Rawer & Wilhelm Stork

  2. Acri.Tec GmbH, Lindenstr. 22/24, Glienicke, Berlin, Germany

    Cristine F. Kreiner

Authors
  1. Rainer Rawer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wilhelm Stork
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Cristine F. Kreiner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rainer Rawer.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rawer, R., Stork, W. & Kreiner, C.F. Non-invasive polarimetric measurement of glucose concentration in the anterior chamber of the eye. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 242, 1017–1023 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-004-1031-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-004-1031-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation