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A short Scale for Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease: first psychometric approach

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Abstract

The neuropsychiatric symptoms and behavioral disorders affecting Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients are common and disabling. A PD-specific interview-based 12-item scale, the Scale for Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease (SEND-PD), has been developed to assess the severity of neuropsychiatric manifestations. The present study is aimed at testing some basic psychometric attributes of this scale. A total of 633  consecutive patients and their caregivers were included in this cross-sectional, multicenter, observational study. In addition to the tested scale, the following assessments were applied: Hoehn and Yahr staging, Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease Motor and Psychiatric complications, MiniMental State Examination, Clinical Impression of Severity Index, and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Inventory. Patients in all stages of disease were included and 18.38 % were demented. The SEND-PD was responded by patients (86.16 %), caregivers (13.15 %), or both (0.69 %). Three factors (accounting for 66.63 % of the variance) were identified and considered as subscales: Psychotic symptoms, Mood/Apathy, and Impulse control disorders. The subscales showed satisfactory scaling assumptions (multitrait-item success rate 100 %) and internal consistency (alpha indices >0.70). The convergent validity with other measures of psychiatric symptoms and the discriminant validity to distinguish between categories of patients’ age, duration and severity of disease, and dopaminergic treatment were satisfactory. The precision of the scale dimensions was acceptable. The SEND-PD performed as an acceptable, consistent, valid, and precise scale for evaluation of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by UCB Pharma, Madrid, Spain. The authors acknowledge Pivotal S.L., contracted by UCB Pharma, for their role in the study. The neurologists in the “Appendix 2” contributed to the study by providing the needed data.

Conflicts of interest

Dr. A. Ayuga is employed by UCB Spain.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Alzheimer Center Reina Sofia Foundation, C/. Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain

    Pablo Martinez-Martin, Belen Frades-Payo & Luis Agüera-Ortiz

  2. CIBERNED, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain

    Pablo Martinez-Martin & Belen Frades-Payo

  3. Department of Psychiatry, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

    Luis Agüera-Ortiz

  4. CIBERSAM, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain

    Luis Agüera-Ortiz

  5. Medical Department, UCB Pharma, Madrid, Spain

    Angel Ayuga-Martinez

Authors
  1. Pablo Martinez-Martin
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  2. Belen Frades-Payo
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  3. Luis Agüera-Ortiz
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  4. Angel Ayuga-Martinez
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pablo Martinez-Martin.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Scale for Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease (SEND-PD)

Instructions

Each item is scored from 0–4 according to the severity of the disorder

0. None

1. Mild disorder It is easy to bear. It does not require specific measures.

2. Moderate disorder It entails additional suffering or necessity of care. It requires simple but special measures for management. It starts to be a noticeable part of the clinical picture.

3. Severe disorder It contributes to the disability, requiring supervision or oversight. It requires specific treatment and strong therapeutic measures. It becomes a relevant characteristic of the clinical manifestations.

4. Very severe disorder It stands out as the most important or one of the most important clinical manifestations. It requires specific treatment and vigorous therapeutic measures. It becomes the main subject of treatment and care.

 

Intensity

Psychotic symptoms

 1. Irritability—Aggressiveness: does he/she usually proffer threats or express him/herself in a violent manner?

 

 2. Delusions: does he/she refer ideas of events which are not really happening, such as being cheated or tricked, being a victim of violence or being followed or even chased?

 

 3. Misidentification: does he/she mistake some persons for others, say some person is a different one, or assign false identities to people surrounding him or her?

 

 4. Hallucinations: does he/she perceive things that are not happening or are not real, such as hearing voices, seeing inexistent objects or being touched?

 

Total:

/16

Mood/Apathy

 1. Verbal and social isolation: does he/she engage scarcely in social activities or conversations, express having nothing to talk about, and/or is not sufficiently communicative?

 

 2. Apathy—lack of initiative: does he/she not show interest in initiating, participating in, or finishing tasks or activities?

 

 3. Mental fatigability: does he/she become weary or abandon frequently any mental activity regardless of whether the task entails any excessive effort?

 

 4. Depression: does he/she feel sad, weary, discouraged, hopeless? Has he/she stopped enjoying things previously liked?

 

 5. Anxiety: does he/she feel nervous, restless, distressed or worried without any specific reason? Do unimportant or new things or events cause him/her restlessness and concern?

 

Total:

/20

Impulse control disorders

 1. Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): does he/she undertake repetitive activities daily without any real need, spend a long time doing it, or feel annoyed and irritated if not allowed or recriminated for it?

 

 2. Impulse-control disorder: Has he/she presented with impulsive behavior, things he/she cannot stop doing, such as: doing excessive or unnecessary shopping, spending lots of time and money in gambling, or exaggerated sexual interest?

 

 3. Dopaminergic drug abuse/addiction: does he/she take medication with a higher frequency or dose than prescribed?

 

Total:

/12

Appendix 2

M Aguado Valcarce; E Agüera Morales; M Álvarez Sauco; JM Arbelo González; M Arias Rodríguez; J Artal Roy; A Ávila; J Balseiro; B Berlanga Morán; M Blázquez Estrada; L Brieva Ruiz; M Bujanda Alegría; I Cabo; A Callén Soto; V Campos Arillo; JA Cárdenas Rodulfo; J Carod; P Casariego; C Castejón Gabriel; MJ Catalán; MÁ Ceballos; E Cebrián; F Coria Balanzat; E Cubo Delgado; T Delgado Ballestero; AM Espino Ibáñez; R Espinosa Rosso; O Fernández Arconada; V Fernández Armayor; Á Fernández Díaz; JM Fernández García; JJ Flores Ruiz; ML Galiano Fragua LS García Andrade; L García Fernández; V García Gil; S García Muñoguren; MJ Garea García-Malvar; A Gil Rodrigo; D Gómez; MJ Gómez Heredia; JMª Gómez Reino; C González Oria; V González Torres; L Gubieras Lillo; J Gutiérrez García; JJ Hernández Regader; EE Hernández Valero; S Huertas Folch; M Huertas Villanueva; B Indakoetxea; J Juni Sanahuja; M Lara Lara; S López Calvo; JM López Domínguez; L Lopez Manzanares; JN Lorenzo Brito; M Llaneza González; MJ Magraner Benedicto; A Malagelada Seckler; J Marey López; S Martí Martínez; S Martín Balbuena; JL Martín Gurpegui; J Martín Polo; A Martínez Gil; I Martinez Torres; V Mateos Marcos; S Mederer; V Medrano; M Menéndez González; P Millet Balanzo; A Mínguez Castellanos; P Modrego Pardo; A Montalbo; O Morsi Hassan; M Moya Molina; M Ochoa; J Olivares Romero; N Ortíz Castellón; A Ortiz Pascual; AM Pascual Lozano; A Pato Pato; R Pego Reigosa; F Pérez Errazquin; V Peset Mancebo; J Prat Rojo; N Pérez; JL Pérez López; MC Pérez Viéitez; A Ponz de Tienda; JM Ramírez Moreno; C Ricart Colomé; A Robledo Strauss; I Rodríguez; N Rodríguez Fernández; A Rojo; J Ruiz Martínez; J Salmero Martínez; A Salvador Aliaga; O Sanchez del Valle; A Sesar Ignacio; MD Sevillano; G Soriano Hernández; A Vadillo Bermejo; and F Vivancos Matellanos.

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Martinez-Martin, P., Frades-Payo, B., Agüera-Ortiz, L. et al. A short Scale for Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease: first psychometric approach. J Neurol 259, 2299–2308 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6490-x

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