Abstract
Understanding the role of frataxin in mitochondria is key to an understanding of the pathogenesis of Friedreich ataxia. Frataxins are small essential proteins whose deficiency causes a range of metabolic disturbances, which include oxidative stress, deficit of iron-sulphur clusters, and defects in heme synthesis, sulfur amino acid and energy metabolism, stress response, and mitochondrial function. Structural studies carried out on different orthologues have shown that the frataxin fold consists of a flexible N-terminal region present only in eukaryotes and in a highly conserved C-terminal globular domain. Frataxins bind iron directly but with very unusual properties: iron coordination is achieved solely by glutamates and aspartates exposed on the protein surface. It has been suggested that frataxin function is that of a ferritin-like protein, an iron chaperone of the ironsulphur cluster machinery and heme metabolism and/or a controller of cellular oxidative stress. To understand FRDA pathogenesis and to design novel therapeutic strategies, we must first precisely identify the cellular role of frataxin.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Babcock M, de Silva D, Oaks R, Davis-Kaplan S, Jiralerspong S, MonterminiL, Pandolfo M, Kaplan J (1997) Regulationof mitochondrial iron accumulationby Yfh1p, a putative homolog offrataxin. Science 276:1709–1712
Bradley JL, Blake JC, Chamberlain S,Thomas PK, Cooper JM, Schapira AH(2000) Clinical, biochemical andmolecular genetic correlations inFriedreich’s ataxia. Hum Mol Genet9:275–282
Rötig A, de Lonlay P, Chretien D, FouryF, Koenig M, Sidi D, Munnich A, RustinP (1997) Aconitase and mitochondrialiron-sulphur protein deficiency inFriedreich ataxia. Nat Genet 17:215–217
Martelli A, Wattenhofer-Donzé M,Schmucker S, Bouvet S, Reutenauer L,Puccio H (2007) Frataxin is essentialfor extramitochondrial Fe-S clusterproteins in mammalian tissues. HumMol Genet 16:2651–2658
Radisky DC, Babcock MC, Kaplan J(1999) The yeast frataxin homologuemediates mitochondrial iron efflux:evidence for a mitochondrial ironcycle. J Biol Chem 274:4497–4499
Chen OS, Crisp RJ, Valachovic M, BardM, Winge DR, Kaplan J (2004) Transcriptionof the yeast iron regulondoes not respond directly to iron butrather to iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis.J Biol Chem 279:29513–29518
Bird AJ (2008) Metallosensors, the upsand downs of gene regulation. AdvMicrob Physiol 53:231–267
Rouault TA (2006) The role of ironregulatory proteins in mammalianiron homeostasis and disease. NatChem Biol 2:406–414
Wong A, Yang J, Cavadini P, Gellera C,Lonnerdal B, Taroni F, Cortopassi G(1999) The Friedreich’s ataxia mutationconfers cellular sensitivity tooxidant stress which is rescued by chelatorsof iron and calcium and inhibitorsof apoptosis. Hum Mol Genet 8:425–430
Tozzi G, Nuccetelli M, Lo Bello M,Bernardini S, Bellincampi L, BalleriniS, Gaeta LM, Casali C, Pastore A,Federici G, Bertini E, Piemonte F(2002) Antioxidant enzymes in bloodof patients with Friedreich’s ataxia.Arch Dis Child 86:376–379
Bulteau AL, Dancis A, Gareil M,Montagne JJ, Camadro JM, Lesuisse E(2007) Oxidative stress and proteasedysfunction in the yeast model ofFriedreich ataxia. Free Radic Biol Med42:1561–1570
Santos MM, Ohshima K, Pandolfo M(2001) Frataxin deficiency enhancesapoptosis in cells differentiating intoneuroectoderm. Hum Mol Genet 10:1935–1944
Pianese L, Busino L, De Biase I, DeCristofaro T, Lo Casale MS, Giuliano P,Monticelli A, Turano M, Criscuolo C,Filla A, Varrone S, Cocozza S (2002)Up-regulation of c-Jun N-terminalkinase pathway in Friedreich’s ataxiacells. Hum Mol Genet 11:2989–2996
Jiralerspong S, Ge B, Hudson TJ,Pandolfo M (2001) Manganese superoxidedismutase induction by iron isimpaired in Friedreich ataxia cells.FEBS Letters 509:101–105
Chantrel-Groussard K, Geromel V,Puccio H, Koenig M, Munnich A, RötigA, Rustin P (2001) Disabled early recruitmentof antioxidant defenses inFriedreich’s ataxia. Hum Mol Genet10:2061–2067
Emond M, Lepage G, Vanasse M,Pandolfo M (2000) Increased levels ofplasma malondialdehyde in Friedreichataxia. Neurology 55:1752–1753
Schulz JB, Dehmer T, Schöls L, MendeH, Hardt C, Vorgerd M, Bürk K, MatsonW, Dichgans J, Beal MF, Bogdanov MB(2000) Oxidative stress in patients withFriedreich ataxia. Neurology 55:1719–1721
Seznec H, Simon D, Bouton C,Reutenauer L, Hertzog A, Golik P,Procaccio V, Patel M, Drapier JC,Koenig M, Puccio H (2005) Friedreichataxia: the oxidative stress paradox.Hum Mol Genet 14:463–474
Tan G, Napoli E, Taroni F, Cortopassi G(2003) Decreased expression of genesinvolved in sulfur amino acid metabolismin frataxin-deficient cells. HumMol Genet 12:1699–1711
Coppola G, Choi SH, Santos MM,Miranda CJ, Tentler D, Wexler EM,Pandolfo M, Geschwind DH (2006)Gene expression profiling in frataxindeficient mice: microarray evidencefor significant expression changeswithout detectable neurodegeneration.Neurobiol Dis 22:302–311
Adinolfi S, Nair M, Politou A, Bayer E,Martin S, Temussi P, Pastore A (2004)The factors governing the thermalstability of frataxin orthologues: howto increase a protein’s stability. Biochemistry43:6511–6518
Gibson TJ, Koonin EV, Musco G,Pastore A, Bork P (1996) Friedreich’sataxia protein: phylogenetic evidencefor mitochondrial dysfunction. TrendsNeurosci 19:465–468
Campuzano V, Montermini L, MoltoMD, et al. (1996) Friedreich’s ataxia: autosomalrecessive disease caused by anintronic GAA triplet repeat expansion.Science 271:1423–1427
Dolezal P, Dancis A, Lesuisse E, SutakR, Hrdy I, Embley TM, Tachezy J (2007)Frataxin, a conserved mitochondrialprotein in the hydrogenosome ofTrichomonas vaginalis. Eukaryotic Cell6:1431–1438
Koutnikova H, Campuzano V, Foury F,Dolle P, Cazzalini O, Koenig M (1997)Studies of human, mouse and yeasthomologues indicate a mitochondrialfunction for frataxin. Nat Genet 16:345–351
Koutnikova H, Campuzano V, KoenigM (1998) Maturation of wild-type andmutated frataxin by the mitochondrialprocessing peptidase. Hum Mol Genet7:1485–1489
Branda SS, Cavadini P, Adamec J,Kalousek F, Taroni F, Isaya G (1999)Yeast and human frataxin are processedto mature form in two sequentialsteps by the mitochondrial processingpeptidase. J Biol Chem 274:22763–22769
Cavadini P, Adamec J, Taroni F, Gakh O,Isaya G (2000) Two-step processing ofhuman frataxin by mitochondrial processingpeptidase: precursor and intermediateforms are cleaved at differentrates. J Biol Chem 275:41469–41475
Condò I, Ventura N, Malisan F, RuffiniA, Tomassini B, Testi R (2007) In vivomaturation of human frataxin. HumMol Genet 16:1534–1540
Musco G, Stier G, Kolmerer B, AdinolfiS, Martin S, Frenkiel T, Gibson T,Pastore A (2000) Towards a structuralunderstanding of Friedreich’s ataxia:the solution structure of frataxin.Structure Fold Des 8:695–707
Dhe-Paganon S, Shigeta R, Chi YI,Ristow M, Shoelson SE (2000) Crystalstructure of human frataxin. J BiolChem 275:30753–30756
Cho SJ, Lee MG, Yang JK, Lee JY, SongHK, Suh SW (2000) Crystal structureof Escherichia coli CyaY protein revealsa previously unidentified fold forthe evolutionarily conserved frataxinfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:8932–8937
He Y, Alam SL, Proteasa SV, Zhang Y,Lesuisse E, Dancis A, Stemmler TL(2004) Yeast frataxin solution structure,iron binding, and ferrochelataseinteraction. Biochemistry 43:16254–16262
Nair M, Adinolfi S, Pastore C, Kelly G,Temussi P, Pastore A (2004) Solutionstructure of the bacterial frataxinortholog, CyaY: mapping the ironbinding sites. Structure 12:2037–2048
Pastore C, Franzese M, Sica F, TemussiP, Pastore A (2007) Understanding thebinding properties of an unusualmetal-binding protein – a study ofbacterial frataxin. FEBS J 274:4199–4210
Karlberg T, Schagerlof U, Gakh O, ParkS, Ryde U, Lindahl M, Leath K, GarmanE, Isaya G, Al-Karadaghi S (2006) Thestructures of frataxin oligomers revealthe mechanism for the delivery anddetoxification of iron. Structure 14:1535–1546
Sazanov LA, Hinchliffe P (2006) Structureof the hydrophilic domain ofrespiratory complex I from Thermusthermophilus. Science 311:1430–1436
Cossée M, Dürr A, Schmitt M, Dahl N,Trouillas P, Allinson P, Kostrzewa M,Nivelon-Chevallier A, Gustavson KH,Kohlschütter A, Müller U, Mandel JL,Brice A, Koenig M, Cavalcanti F,Tammaro A, De Michele G, Filla A,Cocozza S, Labuda M, Montermini L,Poirier J, Pandolfo M (1999) Friedreich’sataxia: point mutations andclinical presentation of compoundheterozygotes. Ann Neurol 45:200–206
Labuda M, Poirier J, Pandolfo M (1999)A missense mutation (W155R) in anAmerican patient with Friedreichataxia. Human Mutation 13:506–507
Pastore A, Martin SR, Politou A,Kondapalli KC, Stemmler T, TemussiPA (2007) Unbiased cold denaturation:low and high temperature unfolding ofyeast frataxin under physiological conditions.J Am Chem Soc 129:5374–5375
Correia A, Adinolfi S, Pastore A, GomesC (2006) Conformational stability ofhuman frataxin and effect of Friedreich’sataxia related mutations onprotein folding. Biochem J 398:605–611
Correia AR, Pastore C, Adinolfi S,Pastore A, Gomes CM (2008) Dynamics,stability and iron-binding activityof frataxin clinical mutants. FEBS J275:3680–3690
Bou-Abdallah F, Adinolfi S, Pastore A,Laue TM, Chasteen ND (2004) Ironbinding and oxidation properties ofthe bacterial frataxin CyaY of Escherichiacoli. J Mol Biol 341:605–615
Cook JD, Bencze KZ, Jankovic AD,Crater AK, Busch CN, Bradley PB,Stemmler AJ, Spaller MR, Stemmler TL(2006) Monomeric yeast frataxin is aniron binding protein. Biochemistry45:7767–7777
Yoon T, Cowan JA (2003) Iron-sulfurcluster biosynthesis: characterizationof frataxin as an iron donor for assemblyof [2Fe-2S] clusters in ISU-typeproteins. J Am Chem Soc 125:6078–6084
Yoon T, Dizin E, Cowan JA (2007)N-terminal iron-mediated selfcleavageof human frataxin: regulationof iron binding and complex formationwith target proteins. J Biol InorgChem 12:535–542
Huang J, Dizin E, Cowan JA (2008)Mapping iron binding sites on humanfrataxin: implications for cluster assemblyon the ISU Fe-S cluster scaffoldprotein. J Biol Inorg Chem 13:825–836
Bertini I, Luchinat C (1996) In LeverABP (ed) NMR of Paramagnetic Substances.Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp 1–300
Foury F, Pastore A, Trincal M (2007)Acidic residues of yeast frataxin havean essential role in Fe-S cluster assembly.EMBO Rep 8:194–199
Aloria K, Schilke B, Andrew A, CraigEA (2004) Iron-induced oligomerizationof yeast frataxin homologue Yfh1is dispensable in vivo. EMBO Rep5:1096–1101
Gakh O, Park S, Liu G, Macomber L,Imlay JA, Ferreira GC, Isaya G (2006)Mitochondrial iron detoxification is aprimary function of frataxin thatlimits oxidative damage and preservescell longevity. Hum Mol Genet 15:467–479
Yoon T, Cowan JA (2004) Frataxinmediatediron delivery to ferrochelatasein the final step of heme biosynthesis.J Biol Chem 279:25943–25946
Huynen MA, Snel B, Bork P, Gibson TJ(2001) The phylogenetic distributionof frataxin indicates a role in ironsulfurcluster protein assembly. HumMol Genet 10:2463–2468
Cavadini P, O’Neill HA, Benada O,Isaya G (2002) Assembly and ironbindingproperties of human frataxin,the protein deficient in Friedreichataxia. Hum Mol Genet 11:217–227
Tan G, Chen LS, Lonnerdal B, GelleraC, Taroni FA, Cortopassi GA (2001)Frataxin expression rescues mitochondrialdysfunctions in FRDA cells. HumMol Genet 10:2099–2107
Cossée M, Puccio H, Gansmuller A,Koutnikova H, Dierich A, LeMeur M,Fischbeck K, Dolle P, Koenig M (2000)Inactivation of the Friedreich ataxiamouse gene leads to early embryoniclethality without iron accumulation.Hum Mol Genet 9:1219–1226
Simon D, Seznec H, Gansmuller A,Carelle N, Weber P, Metzger D, RustinP, Koenig M, Puccio H (2004) Friedreichataxia mouse models with progressivecerebellar and sensory ataxiareveal autophagic neurodegenerationin dorsal root ganglia. J Neurosci 24:1987–1995
Adamec J, Rusnak F, Owen WG, NaylorS, Benson LM, Gacy AM, Isaya G (2000)Iron-dependent self-assembly of recombinantyeast frataxin: implicationsfor Friedreich ataxia. Am J Hum Genet67:549–562
Adinolfi S, Trifuoggi M, Politou A,Martin S, Pastore A (2002) A structuralapproach to understanding the ironbindingproperties of phylogeneticallydifferent frataxins. Hum Mol Genet11:1865–1877
Nichol H, Gakh O, O’Neill HA, PickeringIJ, Isaya G, George GN (2003)Structure of frataxin iron cores: an Xrayabsorption spectroscopic study.Biochemistry 42:5971–5976
Levi S, Corsi B, Bosisio M, Invernizzi R,Volz A, Sanford D, Arosio P, Drysdale J(2001) A human mitochondrial ferritinencoded by an intronless gene. J BiolChem 276:24437–24440
Foury F, Cazzalini O (1997) Deletion ofthe yeast homologue of the humangene associated with Friedreich’sataxia elicits iron accumulation inmitochondria. FEBS Lett 411:373–377
Foury F (1999) Low iron concentrationand aconitase deficiency in a yeastfrataxin homologue deficient strain.FEBS Lett 456:281–284
Puccio H, Simon D, Cossee M, Criqui-Filipe P, Tiziano F, Melki J, HindelangC, Matyas R, Rustin P, Koenig M (2001)Mouse models for Friedreich ataxiaexhibit cardiomyopathy, sensory nervedefect and Fe-S enzyme deficiencyfollowed by intramitochondrial irondeposits. Nat Genet 27:181–186
Foury F, Talibi D (2001) Mitochondrialcontrol of iron homeostasis: a genomewideanalysis of gene expression in ayeast frataxin-deficient strain. J BiolChem 276:7762–7768
Ramazzotti A, Vanmansart V, Foury F(2004) Mitochondrial functional interactionsbetween frataxin and Isu1p,the iron-sulfur cluster scaffold protein,in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett557:215–220
Gerber J, Muhlenhoff U, Lill R (2003)An interaction between frataxin andIsu1/Nfs1 that is crucial for Fe/Scluster synthesis on Isu1. EMBO Rep4:906–911
Layer G, Ollagnier de Choudens S,Sanakis Y, Fontecave M (2006) Ironsulfurcluster biosynthesis: characterizationof Escherichia coli CyaY as aniron donor for the assembly of [2Fe-2S] clusters in the scaffold ISCU. J BiolChem 281:16256–16263
Johnson DJ, Dean DR, Smith AD,Johnson MK (2005) Structure, function,and formation of biological ironsulfurclusters. Annu Rev Biochem74:247–281
Taketani S (2005) Acquisition, mobilizationand utilization of cellular ironand heme: endless findings and growingevidence of tight regulation.Tohoku J Exp Med 205:297–318
Lesuisse E, Santos R, Matzanke BF,Knight SA, Camadro JM, Dancis A(2003) Iron use for heme synthesis isunder control of the yeast frataxinhomologue (Yfh1). Hum Mol Genet12:879–889
Schoenfeld RA, Napoli E, Wong A,Zhan S, Reutenauer L, Morin D,Buckpitt AR, Taroni F, Lonnerdal B,Ristow M, et al. (2005) Frataxin deficiencyalters heme pathway transcriptsand decreases mitochondrial hememetabolites in mammalian cells. HumMol Genet 14:3787–3799
Park S, Gakh O, O’Neill HA,Mangravita A, Nichol H, Ferreira GC,Isaya G (2003) Yeast frataxin sequentiallychaperones and stores iron bycoupling protein assembly with ironoxidation. J Biol Chem 278:31340–31351
Bencze KZ, Yoon T, Bradley PB, CowanJA, Stemmler TL (2007) Humanfrataxin: iron structure and ferrochelatasebinding surface. Chem Commun14:1798–1800
O’Neill HA, Gakh O, Park S, Cui J,Mooney SM, Sampson M, Ferreira GC,Isaya G (2005) Assembly of humanfrataxin is a mechanism for detoxifyingredox-active iron. Biochemistry44:537–545
Park S, Gakh O, Mooney SM, Isaya G(2002) The ferroxidase activity of yeastfrataxin. J Biol Chem 277:38589–38595
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pandolfo, M., Pastore, A. The pathogenesis of Friedreich ataxia and the structure and function of frataxin. J Neurol 256 (Suppl 1), 9–17 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-009-1003-2
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-009-1003-2