Abstract
The aim of our study was to define the biokinetics of 90Sr after chronic contamination by ingestion using a juvenile and adult murine model. Animals ingested 90Sr by drinking water containing 20 kBq l−1 of 90Sr. For the juvenile model, parents received 90Sr before mating and their offspring were killed between birth and 20 weeks of ingestion. For the adult model, 90Sr ingestion started at 9 weeks of age and they were killed after different ingestion periods up to 20 weeks. The body weight, food and water consumption of the animals were monitored on a weekly basis. Before killing and sampling of organs, animals were put in metabolic cages. 90Sr in organs and excreta was determined by liquid scintillation β counting. Highest 90Sr contents were found in bones and were generally higher in females than in males, and 90Sr retention varied according to the skeletal sites. An accumulation of 90Sr in the bones was observed over time for both models, with a plateau level at adult age for the juvenile model. The highest rate of 90Sr accumulation in bones was observed in early life of offspring, i.e. before the age of 6 weeks. With the exception of the digestive tract, 90Sr was below the detection limit in all other organs sampled. Overall, our results confirm that 90Sr mainly accumulates in bones. Furthermore, our results indicate that there are gender- and age-dependent differences in the distribution of 90Sr after low-dose chronic ingestion in the mouse model. These results provide the basis for future studies on possible non-cancerous effects during chronic, long-term exposure to 90Sr through ingestion in a mouse model, especially on the immune and hematopoietic systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Apostoaei AI (2002) Absorption of strontium from the gastrointestinal tract into plasma in healthy human adults. Health Phys 83(1):56–65
Bertho JM, Louiba S, Faure MC, Tourlonias E, Stefani J, Siffert B, Paquet F, Dublineau I (2010) Biodistribution of 137Cs in a mouse model of chronic contamination by ingestion and effects on the hematopoietic system. Radiat Environ Biophys 49(2):239–248
Blakley BR, Blakley PM (2005) Developmental immunotoxicology in rodent species. In: Tryphonas H, Fournier M, Blakley BR, Smits JEG, Brousseau P (eds) Investigative immunotoxicology. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 183–196
Book SA, Spangler WL, Swartz LA (1982) Effects of lifetime ingestion of 90Sr in beagle dogs. Radiat Res 90(2):244–251
Calvi LM, Adams GB, Weibrecht KW, Weber JM, Olson DP, Knight MC, Martin RP, Schipani E, Divieti P, Bringhurst FR, Milner LA, Kronenberg HM, Scadden DT (2003) Osteoblastic cells regulate the haematopoietic stem cell niche. Nature 425(6960):841–846
Chernyshov VP, Vykhovanets EV, Slukvin II, Antipkin YG, Vasyuk AN, Strauss KW (1997) Analysis of blood lymphocyte subsets in children living on territory that received high amounts of fallout from Chernobyl accident. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 84(2):122–128
Chiu KM, Ju J, Mayes D, Bacchetti P, Weitz S, Arnaud CD (1999) Changes in bone resorption during the menstrual cycle. J Bone Miner Res 14(4):609–615
Cooper EL, Zeiller E, Ghods-Esphahani A, Makarewicz M, Schelenz R, Frindik O, Heilgeist M, Kalus W (1992) Radioactivity in food and total diet samples collected in selected settlements in the USSR. J Environ Radioact 17(2–3):147–157
Dahl SG, Allain P, Marie PJ, Mauras Y, Boivin G, Ammann P, Tsouderos Y, Delmas PD, Christiansen C (2001) Incorporation and distribution of strontium in bone. Bone 28(4):446–453
De Ruig WG, Van der Struijs TD (1992) Radioactive contamination of food sampled in the areas of the USSR affected by the Chernobyl disaster. Analyst 117(3):545–548
Dublineau I, Grandcolas L, Grison S, Baudelin C, Paquet F, Voisin P, Aigueperse J, Gourmelon P (2007) Modifications of inflammatory pathways in rat intestine following chronic ingestion of depleted uranium. Toxicol Sci 98(2):458–468
Gillett NA, Muggenburg BA, Boecker BB, Griffith WC, Hahn FF, McClellan RO (1987) Single inhalation exposure to 90SrCl2 in the beagle dog: late biological effects. J Natl Cancer Inst 79(2):359–376
Gillett NA, Pool RR, Taylor GN, Muggenburg BA, Boecker BB (1992) Strontium-90 induced bone tumours in beagle dogs: effects of route of exposure and dose rate. Int J Radiat Biol 61(6):821–831
Gran FC (1960) Studies on calcium and strontium-90 metabolism in rats. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 48(167):1–109
Gueguen Y, Lestaevel P, Grandcolas L, Baudelin C, Grison S, Jourdain JR, Gourmelon P, Souidi M (2008) Chronic contamination of rats with 137Cs radionuclide: impact on the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Toxicol 8(1):33–40
Höllriegl V, Li WB, Oeh U (2006) Human biokinetics of strontium–part II: Final data evaluation of intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of strontium in human subjects after stable tracer administration. Radiat Environ Biophys 45(3):179–185
Hoshi M, Yamamoto M, Kawamura H, Shinohara K, Shibata Y, Kozlenko MT, Takatsuji T, Yamashita S, Namba H, Yokoyama N, Izumi M, Fujimura K, Danilyuk VV, Nagataki S, Kuramoto A, Okajima S, Kiikuni K, Shigematsu I (1994) Fallout radioactivity in soil and food samples in the Ukraine: measurements of iodine, plutonium, cesium, and strontium isotopes. Health Phys 67(2):187–191
Hotchkiss CE, Brommage R (2000) Changes in bone turnover during the menstrual cycle in cynomolgus monkeys. Calcif Tissue Int 66(3):224–228
Howard EB, Clarke WJ (1970) Induction of hematopoietic neoplasms in miniature swine by chronic feeding of strontium-90. J Natl Cancer Inst 44(1):21–38
Hoyes KP, Hendry JH, Lord BI (2000) Modification of murine adult haemopoiesis and response to methyl nitrosourea following exposure to radiation at different developmental stages. Int J Radiat Biol 76(1):77–85
ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. A report of a task group of committee 2 of the international commission on radiological protection. Ann ICRP 23(3–4):1–167
ICRP (2008) Environmental protection: the concept and use of reference animals and plants. Ann ICRP 38(4–6):1–242
Kalyan S, Prior JC (2010) Bone changes and fracture related to menstrual cycles and ovulation. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 20(3):213–233
Kulp JL, Schulert AR, Hodges EJ (1960) Strontium-90 in man IV. Science 132:448–454
Leggett RW (1992) A generic age-specific biokinetic model for calcium-like elements. Radiat Protect Dosim 41(2):183–198
Lindop PJ, Rotblat J (1962) The age factor in the susceptibility of man and animals to radiation. I. The age factor in radiation sensitivity in mice. Brit J Radiol 35:23–31
Lloyd RD, Mays CW, Atherton DR, Taylor GN, Van Dilla MA (1976) Retention and skeletal dosimetry of injected 226Ra, 228Ra, and 90Sr in beagles. Radiat Res 66(2):274–287
MacDonald N, Hutchinson DL, Hepler M (1962) The bidirectional transport of radiostrontium across the primate placenta. Radiat Res 17:752–766
Momeni MH, Jow N, Bradley E (1976) 90Sr-90Y dose distribution in beagles: injection relative to ingestion. Health Phys 30(1):3–19
Nilsson A (1970) Pathologic effects of different doses of radiostrontium in mice. Dose effect relationship in 90Sr-induced bone tumours. Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol 9(2):155–176
Nilsson A (1971) Pathologic effects of different doses of radiostrontium in mice. Development and incidence of leukaemia. Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol 10(1):115–128
Nilsson A, Book SA (1987) Occurrence and distribution of bone tumors in beagle dogs exposed to 90Sr. Acta Oncol 26(2):133–138
Parks NJ, Book SA, Pool RR (1984) Squamous cell carcinoma in the jaws of beagles exposed to 90Sr throughout life: beta flux measurements at the mandible and tooth surfaces and a hypothesis for tumorigenesis. Radiat Res 100(1):139–156
Raabe OG, Book SA, Parks NJ, Chrisp CE, Goldman M (1981) Lifetime studies of 226Ra and 90Sr toxicity in beagles–a status report. Radiat Res 86(3):515–528
Ruhmann AG, Stover BJ, Brizzee KR, Atherton DR (1963) Placental transfer of strontium in rats. Radiat Res 20:484–492
Shagina NB, Tolstykh EI, Zalyapin VI, Degteva MO, Kozheurov VP, Tokareva EE, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA (2003) Evaluation of age and gender dependences of the rate of strontium elimination 25–45 years after intake: analysis of data from residents living along the Techa river. Radiat Res 159(2):239–246
Sodeman T, McPherson RA, Nakamura RM, Bemiller LS, Bylund DJ, Cheresh DA, Curnutte JT, Hooper DG, Hopkins PJ, Kipps TJ, Koss W, Meisenholder G, Reisfeld RA, Riley RS, Robbins BA, Rypka EW, Sodeman T, Ziegner UHM (1991) Some aspects of strontium radiobiology. NCRP Report 110:1–95
Stabin MG, Teterson TE, Holburn GE, Emmons MA (2006) Voxel-based mouse and rat models for internal dose calculations. J Nuc Med 47:655–659
Stokke T, Oftedal P, Pappas A (1968) Effects of small doses of radioactive strontium on the rat bone marrow. Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol 7(5):321–329
Sugihira N, Kobayashi E, Suzuki KT (1990) Age-related changes in strontium to calcium ratios in rat tissues. Biol Trace El Res 25(1):79–88
Taichman RS (2005) Blood and bone: two tissues whose fates are intertwined to create the hematopoietic stem-cell niche. Blood 105(7):2631–2639
Tissandie E, Gueguen Y, Lobaccaro JM, Grandcolas L, Grison S, Aigueperse J, Souidi M (2008) Vitamin D metabolism impairment in the rat’s offspring following maternal exposure to 137Cs. Arch Toxicol 83:357–362
Tourlonias E, Bertho JM, Gurriaran R, Voisin P, Paquet F (2010) Distribution of 137Cs in rat tissues after various schedules of chronic ingestion. Health Phys 99(1):39–48
UNSCEAR (2011) Annex D: health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. United Nations, New-York
Vykhovanets EV, Chernyshov VP, Slukvin I, Antipkin YG, Vasyuk A, Colos V (2000) Analysis of blood lymphocyte subsets in children living around Chernobyl exposed long-term to low doses of cesium-137 and various doses of iodine-131. Radiat Res 153(6):760–772
Wiseman G (1964) Absorption from the intestine. Academic press, New York
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank F. Voyer and T. Loiseau for their expert work in animal care. The secretarial assistance of D. Lurmin and V. Joffres is also warmly acknowledged. This project was part of the ENVIRHOM research programme of the Institut de Radioprotection et Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN) and was supported by grants from the Ile-de-France Region.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Synhaeve, N., Stefani, J., Tourlonias, E. et al. Biokinetics of 90Sr after chronic ingestion in a juvenile and adult mouse model. Radiat Environ Biophys 50, 501–511 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-011-0374-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-011-0374-9