Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Open-system fractional melting of Archean basalts: implications for tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) magma genesis

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneiss forms a major component of Archean continental crust. Resolving the origin of TTG gneisses and the secular change in their compositions is critical for better understanding how the continental crust has evolved and when a global plate tectonic regime began on Earth. Archean TTGs were generated by partial melting of hydrous basalts, although the geodynamic setting in which this occurred is still debated. In this study, an integrated modeling including thermodynamic modeling, accessory mineral solubility modeling, and trace element modeling is conducted on Coucal basalts from Pilbara craton and averaged Archean arc-like basalts along various thermal gradients for both closed and melt-drained systems. The results show the amount and composition of melts would be primarily controlled by source compositions, although geothermal gradient and the ability for melt to leave the system also contribute. Of both bulk compositions, averaged Archean arc-like basalts generate more melts with a medium- to low-pressure signature by fluid-absent melting during intracrustal loading. High-pressure TTGs may be generated by mixing residua and melts derived by fluid-absent melting or just fluid-present melting in a hot subduction zone. Most TTGs produced before the Neoarchean were likely generated at the lower levels of thickened basaltic crust; however, rare Eoarchean and Mesoarchean TTGs with high-pressure signatures suggest subduction occurred on the early Earth in isolated localities. We interpret a secular increase in the proportion of high-pressure TTGs at c. 3.0–2.5 Ga as recording a transition from localized subduction to a global plate tectonic regime.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bédard JH (2006) A catalytic delamination-driven model for coupled genesis of Archaean crust and sub-continental lithospheric mantle. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70:1188–1214

    Google Scholar 

  • Boehnke P, Watson EB, Trail D, Harrison TM, Schmitt AK (2013) Zircon saturation re-revisited. Chem Geol 351:324–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown M (2010) The spatial and temporal patterning of the deep crust and implications for the process of melt extraction. Phil Trans R Soc Ser A 368:11–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown M (2013) Granite: from genesis to emplacement. Geol Soc Am Bull 125:1079–1113

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown M, Johnson T, Gardiner NJ (2020) Plate tectonics and the archean earth. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 48:12.1–12.30

    Google Scholar 

  • Canfield DE (2005) The early history of atmospheric oxygen: homage to Robert M. Garrels Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 33:1–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson WD (2002) Scales of disequilibrium and rates of equilibration during metamorphism. Am Mineral 87(2–3):185–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemens JD, Stevens G (2012) What controls chemical variation in granitic magmas? Lithos 134–135:317–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemens JD, Stevens G, Bryan SE (2019) Conditions during the formation of granitic magmas by crustal melting-Hot or cold; drenched, damp or dry? Earth Sci Rev 200:102982

    Google Scholar 

  • Condie KC (1993) Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chem Geol 104:1–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Condie KC, Kröner A (2008) When did plate tectonics begin? Evidence from the geologic record. In: When did plate tectonics begin on planet Earth (440: 281–294). Geological Society of America Special Papers.

  • Condie KC, Aster RC, Van Hunen J (2016) A great thermal divergence in the mantle beginning 2.5 Ga: geochemical constraints from greenstone basalts and komatiites. Geosci Front 7:543–553

    Google Scholar 

  • Drummond MS, Defant MJ (1990) A model for trondhjemite-tonalite-dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: Archean to modern comparisons. J Geophys Res 95:21503–21521

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumond G, Goncalves P, Williams ML, Jercinovic MJ (2015) Monazite as a monitor of melting, garnet growth and feldspar recrystallization in continental lower crust. J Metamorph Geol 33:735–762

    Google Scholar 

  • Foley SF, Buhre S, Jacob DE (2003) Evolution of the Archaean crust by delamination and shallow subduction. Nature 421:249–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Forshaw JB, Waters DJ, Pattison DR, Palin RM, Gopon P (2019) A comparison of observed and thermodynamically predicted phase equilibria and mineral compositions in mafic granulites. J Metamorph Geol 37:153–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Furnes H, De Wit M, Dilek Y (2014) Four billion years of ophiolites reveal secular trends in oceanic crust formation. Geosci Front 5:571–603

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner NJ, Johnson TE, Kirkland CL, Szilas K (2019) Modelling the hafnium–neodymium evolution of early earth: a study from West Greenland. J Petrol 60:177–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Ge RF, Zhu WB, Wilde SA, Wu HL (2019) Remnants of Eoarchean continental crust derived from a subducted proto-arc. Sci Adv 4:eaao31559

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerya TV, Stern RJ, Baes M, Sobolev SV, Whattam SA (2015) Plate tectonics on the Earth triggered by plume-induced subduction initiation. Nature 527:221–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Glikson AY, Davy R, Hickman AH (1986) Geochemical data files of Archaean volcanic rocks, Pilbara Block, Western Australia. BMR Record 1986/14, 2 pp.

  • Green ECR, White RW, Diener JFA, Powell R, Holland TJB, Palin RM (2016) Activity–composition relations for the calculation of partial melting equilibria in metabasic rocks. J Metamorph Geol 34:845–869

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison TM, Watson EB (1984) The behavior of apatite during crustal anatexis: equilibrium and kinetic considerations. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48:1467–1477

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Uribe D, Hernández-Montenegro JD, Cone KA, Palin RM (2020a) Oceanic slab-top melting during subduction: Implications for trace-element recycling and adakite petrogenesis. Geology 48:216–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Uribe D, Palin RM, Cone KA, Cao W (2020) Petrological implications of seafloor hydrothermal alteration of subducted mid-ocean ridge basalt. J. Petrol. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egaa086(in press)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg C, Condie KC, Korenaga J (2010) Thermal history of the Earth and its petrological expression. Earth Planet Sci Lett 292:79–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Holder RM, Viete DR, Brown M, Johnson TE (2019) Metamorphism and the evolution of plate tectonics. Nature 572:378–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland TJB, Powell R (2003) Activity–composition relations for phases in petrological calculations: An asymmetric multicomponent formulation. Contrib Mineral Petrol 145:492–501

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland TJB, Powell R (2011) An improved and extended internally consistent thermodynamic dataset for phases of petrological interest, involving a new equation of state for solids. J Metamorph Geol 29:333–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Holness MB, Sawyer EW (2008) On the pseudomorphing of melt-filled pores during the crystallization of migmatites. J Petrol 49:1343–1363

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson TE, Brown M, Kaus B, VanTongeren J (2014) Delamination and recycling of Archaean crust caused by gravitational instabilities. Nat Geosci 7:47–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson TE, Brown M, Gardiner NJ, Kirkland CL, Smithies RH (2017) Earth’s first stable continents did not form by subduction. Nature 543:239–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson TE, Kirkland CL, Gardiner NJ, Brown M, Smithies RH, Santosh M (2019) Secular change in TTG compositions: Implications for the evolution of Archaean geodynamics. Earth Planet Sci Lett 505:65–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato Y, Nakamura K (2003) Origin and global tectonic significance of Early Archean cherts from the Marble Bar greenstone belt, Pilbara Craton. Western Aust Precamb Res 125:191–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelsey DE, Clark C, Hand M (2008) Thermobarometric modelling of zircon and monazite growth in melt-bearing systems: examples using model metapelitic and metapsammitic granulites. J Metamorph Geol 26:199–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendrick J, Yakymchuk C (2020) Garnet fractionation, progressive melt loss and bulk composition variations in anatectic metabasites: Complications for interpreting the geodynamic significance of TTGs. Geosci Front 11:745–763

    Google Scholar 

  • Kisters AFM, Belcher R, Roujol M, Dziggel A (2010) Continental growth and convergence related arc plutonism in the Mesoarchaean: evidence from the Barberton granitoid–greenstone terrain, South Africa. Precambr Res 178:15–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohn MJ, Malloy MA (2004) Formation of monazite via prograde metamorphic reactions among common silicates: implications for age determinations. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68:101–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Korenaga J (2013) Initiation and evolution of plate tectonics on earth: theories and observations. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 41:117–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Kump LR, Barley ME (2007) Increased subaerial volcanism and the rise of atmospheric oxygen 2.5 billion years ago. Nature 448:1033–1036

    Google Scholar 

  • Laporte D, Rapaille C, Provost A (1997) Wetting angles, equilibrium melt geometry, and the permeability threshold of partially molten crustal protoliths. In: Bouchez JL, Hutton DHW, Stephens WE (eds) Granite: from segregation of melt to emplacement fabrics. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 31–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurie A, Stevens G (2012) Water-present eclogite melting to produce Earth’s early felsic crust. Chem Geol 314–317:83–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurie A, Stevens G, Van Hunen J (2013) The end of continental growth by TTG magmatism. Terra Nova 25:130–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Liou P, Guo JH (2019) Generation of Archaean TTG gneisses through amphibole-dominated fractionation. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 124:3605–3619

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons TW, Reinhard CT, Planesky NJ (2014) The rise of oxygen in Earth’s early ocean and atmosphere. Nature 506:307–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Maniar PD, Piccoli PM (1989) Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geol Soc Am Bull 101:635–643

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchildon N, Brown M (2002) Grain-scale melt distribution in two contact aureole rocks: Implications for controls on melt localization and deformation. J Metamorph Geol 20:381–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin H (1986) Effect of steeper Archean geothermal gradient on geochemistry of subduction-zone magmas. Geology 14:753–756

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin H (1999) Adakitic magmas: modern analogues of Archean granitoids. Lithos 46:411–429

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin H, Moyen JF (2002) Secular changes in tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite composition as markers of the progressive cooling of Earth. Geology 30:319–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin H, Smithies RH, Rapp R, Moyen JF, Champion D (2005) An overview of adakite, tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG), and sanukitoid: relationships and some implications for crustal evolution. Lithos 79:1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayne MJ, Moyen JF, Stevens G, Kaislaniemi L (2016) Rcrust: a tool for calculating path-dependent open system processes and application to melt loss. J Metamorph Geol 34:663–682

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie D, O’Nions RK (1991) Partial melt distributions from inversion of rare earth element concentrations. J Petrol 32:1021–1091

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyen JF (2011) The composite Archaean grey gneisses: petrological significance, and evidence for a non-unique setting for Archaean crustal growth. Lithos 123:21–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyen JF, Martin H (2012) Forty years of TTG research. Lithos 148:312–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyen JF, Stevens G (2006) Experimental constraints on TTG petrogenesis: Implications for Archean geodynamics. In: Benn K, Mareschal JC, Condie KC (eds) Archean Geodynamics and Environments. American Geophysical Union 149: 175.

  • Moyen JF, Stevens G, Kisters A (2006) Record of mid-Archaean subduction from metamorphism in the Barberton terrain, South Africa. Nature 442:559–562

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor JT (1965) A classification for quartz-rich igneous rocks based on feldspar ratios. US Geol Survey Profes Paper 525:79–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Palin RM, Dyck B (2018) Metamorphic consequences of secular changes in oceanic crust composition and implications for uniformitarianism in the geological record. Geosci Front 9(4):1009–1019

    Google Scholar 

  • Palin RM, White RW (2016) Emergence of blueschists on Earth linked to secular changes in oceanic crust composition. Nat Geosci 9:60–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Palin RM, White RW, Green ECR (2016) Partial melting of metabasic rocks and the generation of tonalitic–trondhjemitic–granodioritic (TTG) crust in the Archaean: Constraints from phase equilibrium modelling. Precamb Res 287:73–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Palin RM, White RW, Green ECR, Powell R, Diener JFA, Holland TJB (2016) High-grade metamorphism and partial melting of mafic and intermediate rocks. J Metamorph Geol 34:871–892

    Google Scholar 

  • Palin RM, Weller OM, Waters DJ, Dyck B (2016) Quantifying geological uncertainty in metamorphic phase equilibria modelling; a Monte Carlo assessment and implications for tectonic interpretations. Geosci Front 7(4):591–607

    Google Scholar 

  • Palin RM, Santosh M, Cao W, Li SS, Hernández-Uribe D, Parsons A (2020) Secular change and the onset of plate tectonics on Earth. Earth Sci Rev 207:103172

    Google Scholar 

  • Piccolo A, Palin RM, Kaus BJ, White RW (2019) Generation of Earth’s early continents from a relatively cool Archean mantle. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 20(4):1679–1697

    Google Scholar 

  • Piccolo A, Kaus BJ, White RW, Palin RM, Reuber GS (2020) Plume–lid interactions during the Archean and implications for the generation of early continental terranes. Gonwana Research, in press, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2020.06.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell R, Holland TJB (1988) An internally consistent dataset with uncertainties and correlations: 3. Applications to geobarometry, worked examples and a computer program. J Metamorph Geol 6:173–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyle JM, Spear FS, Wark DA (2002) Electron microprobe analysis of REE in apatite, monazite and xenotime: protocols and pitfalls. Rev Mineral Geochem 48:337–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowicz M, Vigneresse JA (2004) Melt segregation under compaction and shear channeling: application to granitic magma segregation in a continental crust. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 109:1978–2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapp RP, Watson EB (1995) Dehydration melting of metabasalt at 8–32 kbar: implications for continental growth and crust–mantle recycling. J Petrol 36:891–931

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapp RP, Watson EB., Miller CF (1991) Partial melting of amphibolite/eclogite and the origin of Archaean trondhjemites and tonalites. In: Haapala I, Condie KC (eds) Precambrian Granitoids-Petrogenesis, Geochemistry and Metallogeny 51: 1–25.

  • Rapp RP, Shimizu N, Norman MD (2003) Growth of early continental crust by partial melting of eclogite. Nature 425:605–609

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg CL, Handy MR (2005) Experimental deformation of partially melted granite revisited: implications for the continental crust. J Metamorph Geol 23:19–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubatto D (2017) Zircon: the metamorphic mineral. Rev Mineral Geochem 83:261–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer EW (2001) Melt segregation in the continental crust: Distribution and movement of melt in anatectic rocks. J Metamorph Geol 19:291–309

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer EW, Cesare B, Brown M (2011) When the continental crust melts. Elements 7:229–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw DM (1970) Trace element fractionation during anatexis. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 34:237–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirey SB, Richardson SH (2011) Start of the Wilson cycle at 3 Ga shown by diamonds from subcontinental mantle. Science 333(6041):434–436

    Google Scholar 

  • Smithies RH, Champion DC (2000) The Archaean high-mg diorite suite: links to tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite magmatism and implications for early archaean crustal growth. J Petrol 41:1653–1671

    Google Scholar 

  • Smithies RH, Lu YJ, Johnson TE, Kirkland CL, Cassidy KF, Champion DC, Mole DR, Zibra I, Gessner K, Sapkota J, De Paoli MC, Poujol M (2019) No evidence for high-pressure melting of Earth’s crust in the Archean. Nat Comms 10:5559

    Google Scholar 

  • Stüwe K, Powell R (1995) PT paths from modal proportions: applications to the Koralm Comples. Eastern Alps Contrib Mineral Petrol 83:348–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Szilas K, Van Hinsberg VJ, Kisters AFM, Hoffmann JE, Windley BF, Kokfelt TF, Schersten A, Frei R, Rosing MT, Münker C (2013) Remnants of Arc-related mesoarchaean oceanic crust in the Tartoq group of SW Greenland. Gondwana Res 23:436–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang M, Chen K, Rudnick RL (2016) Archean upper crust transition from mafic to felsic marks the onset of plate tectonics. Science 351(6271):372–375

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor RJM, Kirkland CL, Clark C (2016) Accessories after the facts: constraining the time, duration and conditions of high-temperature metamorphic processes. Lithos 264:239–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner S, Rushmer T, Reagan M, Moyen JF (2014) Heading down early on? Start Subduct Earth Geol 42(2):139–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Kranendonk MJ (2010) Two types of Archean continental crust: plume and plate tectonics on early Earth. Am J Sci 310(10):1187–1209

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Hunen J, Moyen JF (2012) Archean subduction: fact or fiction? Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 40:195–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Vielzeuf D, Schmidt MW (2001) Melting reactions in hydrous systems revisited: application to metapelites, metagreywackes and metabasalts. Contrib Miner Petrol 141:251–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Villaseca C, Martin Romera C, De la Rosa J, Barbero L (2003) Residence and redistribution of REE, Y, Zr, Th and U during granulite-facies metamorphism: behaviour of accessory and major phases in peraluminous granulites of central Spain. Chem Geol 200:293–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster JD, Piccoli PM (2015) Magmatic apatite: a powerful, yet deceptive, mineral. Elements 11:177–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg RF, Hasalová P (2015) Water-fluxed melting of the continental crust: a review. Lithos 212:158–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Weller OM, Copley A, Miller WGR, Palin RM, Dyck B (2019) The relationship between mantle potential temperature and oceanic lithosphere buoyancy. Earth Planet Sci Lett 518:86–99

    Google Scholar 

  • White RW, Powell R (2002) Melt loss and the preservation of granulite facies mineral assemblages. J Metamorph Geol 20:621–632

    Google Scholar 

  • White RW, Powell R, Holland TJB, Worley BA (2000) The effect of TiO2 and Fe2O3 on metapelitic assemblage at greenschist and amphibolite facies conditions: Mineral equilibria calculations in the system K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–Fe2O3. J Metamorph Geol 18:497–511

    Google Scholar 

  • White RW, Powell R, Holland TJB, Johnson TE, Green ECR (2014) New mineral activity–composition relations for thermodynamic calculations in metapelitic systems. J Metamorph Geol 32:261–286

    Google Scholar 

  • White RW, Palin RM, Green ECR (2017) High-grade metamorphism and partial melting in Archean composite grey gneiss complexes. J Metamorph Geol 35(2):181–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf MB, Wyllie PJ (1994) Dehydration melting of amphibolite at 10 kbar: the effects of temperature and time. Contrib Mineral Petrol 115:369–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiong X, Keppler H, Audétat A, Ni HW, Sun WD, Li Y (2011) Partitioning of Nb and Ta between rutile and felsic melt and the fractionation of Nb/Ta during partial melting of hydrous metabasalt. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 75:1673–1692

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakymchuk C (2017) Behaviour of apatite during partial melting of metapelites and consequences for prograde suprasolidus monazite growth. Lithos 274–275:412–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakymchuk C (2019) On granites. J Geol Soc India 94:9–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakymchuk C, Brown M (2014a) Consequences of open-system melting in tectonics. J Geol Soc Lond 171:21–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakymchuk C, Brown M (2014b) Behaviour of zircon and monazite during crustal melting. J Geol Soc Lond 171:465–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakymchuk C, Kirkland CL, Clark C (2018) Th/U ratios in metamorphic zircon. J Metamorph Geol 36:715–737

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziaja K, Foley SF, White RW, Buhre S (2014) Metamorphism and melting of picritic crust in the early Earth. Lithos 189:173–184

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

We thank Dr. Thorsten Nagel and Dr. Gary Stevens for their constructive review, and Dr. Daniela Rubatto for her editorial handling. This paper is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41890832, 41902057), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M650834).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Guangyu Huang & Jinghui Guo

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK

    Richard Palin

  3. Key Laboratory of Deep-Earth Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China

    Dan Wang

Authors
  1. Guangyu Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard Palin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dan Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jinghui Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guangyu Huang.

Additional information

Communicated by Daniela Rubatto.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Fig. S1 Melt compositions evolution along low thermal gradient (JPG 8971 kb)

Fig. S2 Melt compositions evolution along high thermal gradient (JPG 3483 kb)

410_2020_1742_MOESM3_ESM.jpg

Fig. S3 Major-element composition of partial melts calculated from at various melt fractions for closed system and extracted melts for melt drained system (JPG 4584 kb)

410_2020_1742_MOESM4_ESM.jpg

Fig. S4 Trace-element composition of partial melts calculated from at various melt fractions for closed system and extracted melts for melt drained system (JPG 5671 kb)

Supplementary file5 (XLSX 31 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Huang, G., Palin, R., Wang, D. et al. Open-system fractional melting of Archean basalts: implications for tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) magma genesis. Contrib Mineral Petrol 175, 102 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-020-01742-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-020-01742-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation