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Magmatic processes that generate chemically distinct silicic magmas in NW Costa Rica and the evolution of juvenile continental crust in oceanic arcs

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Abstract

Northwestern Costa Rica is built upon an oceanic plateau that has developed chemical and geophysical characteristics of the upper continental crust. A major factor in converting the oceanic plateau to continental crust is the production, evolution, and emplacement of silicic magmas. In Costa Rica, the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (CLIP) forms the overriding plate in the subduction of the Cocos Plate—a process that has occurred for at least the last 25 my. Igneous rocks in Costa Rica older than about 8 Ma have chemical compositions typical of ocean island basalts and intra-oceanic arcs. In contrast, younger igneous deposits contain abundant silicic rocks, which are significantly enriched in SiO2, alkalis, and light rare-earth elements and are geochemically similar to the average upper continental crust. Geophysical evidence (high Vp seismic velocities) also indicates a relatively thick (~40 km), addition of evolved igneous rocks to the CLIP. The silicic deposits of NW Costa Rica occur in two major compositional groups: a high-Ti and a low-Ti group with no overlap between the two. The major and trace element characteristics of these groups are consistent with these magmas being derived from liquids that were extracted from crystal mushes—either produced by crystallization or by partial melting of plutons near their solidi. In relative terms, the high-Ti silicic liquids were extracted from a hot, dry crystal mush with low oxygen fugacity, where plagioclase and pyroxene were the dominant phases crystallizing, along with lesser amounts of hornblende. In contrast, the low-Ti silicic liquids were extracted from a cool, wet crystal mush with high oxygen fugacity, where plagioclase and amphibole were the dominant phases crystallizing. The hot-dry-reducing magmas dominate the older sequence, but the youngest sequence contains only magmas from the cold-wet-oxidized group. Silicic volcanic deposits from other oceanic arcs (e.g., Izu-Bonin, Marianas) have chemical characteristics distinctly different from continental crust, whereas the NW Costa Rican silicic deposits have chemical characteristics nearly identical to the upper continental crust. The transition in NW Costa Rica from mafic oceanic arc and intra-oceanic magma to felsic, upper continental crust-type magma is governed by a combination of several important factors that may be absent in other arc settings: (1) thermal maturation of the thick Caribbean plateau, (2) regional or local crustal extension, and (3) establishment of an upper crustal reservoir.

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Acknowledgments

We greatly appreciate our many friends in Central America who made this project possible. We are especially appreciative of the many discussions with the participants of the Margins meetings in Costa Rica that helped focus our work. Olivier Bachmann, Tom Sisson, and Jorge Vazquez made helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript that improved the paper and clarified some of our interpretations. CDD was supported by the Royalty Research Fund from the University of Washington. The thoughtful reviews by Calvin Barnes and an anonymous reviewer are appreciated for helping us to focus our discussion, which greatly improved the manuscript.

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  1. David W. Szymanski

    Present address: Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Bentley University, Waltham, MA, 02452, USA

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  1. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA

    Chad D. Deering

  2. Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    Thomas A. Vogel, Lina C. Patino & David W. Szymanski

  3. Área de Amenazas y Auscultación Sísmica y Volcánica, Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, Escuela Centroamericana de Geología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Apdo. 35, San José, Costa Rica

    Guillermo E. Alvarado

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Deering, C.D., Vogel, T.A., Patino, L.C. et al. Magmatic processes that generate chemically distinct silicic magmas in NW Costa Rica and the evolution of juvenile continental crust in oceanic arcs. Contrib Mineral Petrol 163, 259–275 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-011-0670-z

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