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Phyllosilicate minerals in the hydrothermal mafic–ultramafic-hosted massive-sulfide deposit of Ivanovka (southern Urals): comparison with modern ocean seafloor analogues

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Abstract

We have studied textural relationships and compositions of phyllosilicate minerals in the mafic–ultramafic-hosted massive-sulfide deposit of Ivanovka (Main Uralian Fault Zone, southern Urals). The main hydrothermal phyllosilicate minerals are Mg-rich chlorite, variably ferroan talc, (Mg, Si)-rich and (Ca, Na, K)-poor saponite (stevensite), and serpentine. These minerals occur both as alteration products after mafic volcanics and ultramafic protoliths and, except serpentine, as hydrothermal vein and seafloor mound-like precipitates associated with variable amounts of (Ca, Mg, Fe)-carbonates, quartz and Fe and Cu (Co, Ni) sulfides. Brecciated mafic lithologies underwent pervasive chloritization, while interlayered gabbro sills underwent partial alteration to chlorite + illite ± actinolite ± saponite ± talc-bearing assemblages and later localized deeper alteration to chlorite ± saponite. Ultramafic and mixed ultramafic–mafic breccias were altered to talc-rich rocks with variable amounts of chlorite, carbonate and quartz. Chloritization, locally accompanied by formation of disseminated sulfides, required a high contribution of Mg-rich seawater to the hydrothermal fluid, which could be achieved in a highly permeable, breccia-dominated seafloor. More evolved hydrothermal fluids produced addition of silica, carbonates and further sulfides, and led to local development of saponite after chlorite and widespread replacement of serpentine by talc. The Ivanovka deposit shows many similarities with active and fossil hydrothermal sites on some modern oceanic spreading centers characterized by highly permeable upflow zones. However, given the arc signature of the ore host rocks, the most probable setting for the observed alteration–mineralization patterns is in an early-arc or forearc seafloor–subseafloor environment, characterized by the presence of abundant mafic–ultramafic breccias of tectonic and/or sedimentary origin.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to N. Tatarko (Bashkirgeologia, Ufa) for access to the Sibay lithotheque and drill-core DDH2T. J.-J. Orgeval (BRGM Orléans) and V. Zaykov (IMIN Miass) are thanked for help during the 2001 Urals field trip. B. Buschmann (Freiberg) is thanked for fruitful discussion. R. Carampin and L. Peruzzo (CNR-IGG Padova), E. Bechu (BRGM Orléans) and F. Zorzi (Padova) are thanked for assistance during EMP, SEM, XRD and oxygen isotope analyses. Reviews by J. Alt and an anonymous referee helped us to considerably improve the manuscript. This work was carried out in the framework of the EU-funded MinUrals project INCO COPERNICUS ICA2 CT-2000-10011 (IMIN-Kroseven-BRGM Collaborative Partnership). P. Nimis and P. Omenetto gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the CNR-IGG (Padova) and Italian MURST ex 60% grants. S. Tesalina gratefully acknowledges the support of Russian Foundations RFFI No. 01-05-65329 and University of Russia.

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  1. Dipartimento di Mineralogia e Petrologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, C.so Garibaldi 37, 35137, Padova, Italy

    Paolo Nimis, Svetlana G. Tesalina & Paolo Omenetto

  2. Kroseven Services S.A.S., Padova, Italy

    Paolo Nimis & Paolo Omenetto

  3. Institute of Mineralogy, Uralian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, 456301, Miass, Russia

    Svetlana G. Tesalina

  4. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy

    Paola Tartarotti

  5. BRGM, B.P. 6009, 45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France

    Catherine Lerouge

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  1. Paolo Nimis
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Nimis, P., Tesalina, S.G., Omenetto, P. et al. Phyllosilicate minerals in the hydrothermal mafic–ultramafic-hosted massive-sulfide deposit of Ivanovka (southern Urals): comparison with modern ocean seafloor analogues. Contrib Mineral Petrol 147, 363–383 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0565-3

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