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Prevalence and risk factors of HPV infection among women from various provinces of the world

  • Gynecologic Oncology
  • Published:
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objective

We set to estimate the genotype-specific prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) and its associated risk factors responsible among women with normal and abnormal cytology by systematic literature survey.

Methods

Reports on HPV prevalence published between 2000 and 2011 were retrieved. To be included, studies required information on cervical cytology, plus detailed descriptions of study populations, methods used to collect cervical samples, and assays used for HPV DNA detection and typing. Final analyses included 280 studies of which 120 were included in the final analysis. The OR, 95% CI and P value were calculated using SPSS 16.0.

Results

Overall HPV prevalence in 576,281 women was estimated to be 32.1% (95% CI 32.098, 32.102). Corresponding estimates by region showed Eastern Asia (China) with the highest prevalence of about 57.7% of the HPV infection followed by South Central Asia (Indian subcontinent). The HPV prevalence was higher in less developed countries (42.2%) than in more developed regions (22.6%). The type-specific HPV prevalence study showed HPV 16 (9.5%) and 18 (6.2%) to be the prevalent type irrespective of the region of study. First coitus at a younger (≤15) age, increased number of pregnancies, increased number of sexual partners, use of contraceptives, smoking and chewing habit and early age at marriage were recognized as the significant risk factors for HPV infection. The phylogenetic analysis of HPV-16 showed the clustering of Indian sequence with the European and American sequences suggesting a similarity between HPV types. Even though the oncogenic proteins of HPV-16 detected in more developed and less developed regions clustered, the prevalence and the severity of the diseases among the less developed regions could be well explained as the exposure of the population to the possible associated risk factors concerning to the living conditions and nature of the life style adopted by the population.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Grants 5/13/88/06/NCD-III. We thank the Vice-Chancellor, Bharathidasan University for the facilities provided.

Conflict of interest

The authors certify that there is no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this article exists.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Medical Microbiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamilnadu, India

    Krishnakumar Vinodhini, Santhanam Shanmughapriya & Kalimuthusamy Natarajaseenivasan

  2. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India

    Bhudev C. Das

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  1. Krishnakumar Vinodhini
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  2. Santhanam Shanmughapriya
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  3. Bhudev C. Das
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  4. Kalimuthusamy Natarajaseenivasan
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Correspondence to Kalimuthusamy Natarajaseenivasan.

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Vinodhini, K., Shanmughapriya, S., Das, B.C. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of HPV infection among women from various provinces of the world. Arch Gynecol Obstet 285, 771–777 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-011-2155-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-011-2155-8

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