Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Control of cutaneous antimicrobial peptides by vitamin D3

  • Mini Review
  • Published:
Archives of Dermatological Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Constant exposure to a wide variety of microbial pathogens represents a major challenge for our skin. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are mediators of cutaneous innate immunity and protect primarily against microbial infections. Cathelicidins were among the first AMPs identified in human skin and recent evidence suggests that they exert a dual role in innate immune defense: At first, due to their antimicrobial activity they kill pathogens directly. In addition, these peptides initiate a potent host response to infection resulting in cytokine release, inflammation and a cellular response. Disturbed cathelicidin expression and function was observed in several common inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis where cathelicidin peptide converts inert self-DNA and self-RNA into an autoimmune stimulus. In atopic dermatitis decreased levels of cathelicidin facilitating microbial superinfections have been discussed. Furthermore, abnormally processed cathelicidin peptides induce inflammation and a vascular response in rosacea. Until recently, the molecular mechanisms underlying cathelicidin regulation were unknown. Recently, the vitamin D3 pathway was identified as the major regulator of cathelicidin expression. Consequently, vitamin D3 entered the spotlight as an immune modulator with impact on both innate and adaptive immunity. Therapies targeting vitamin D3 signaling may provide new approaches for infectious and inflammatory skin diseases by affecting both innate and adaptive immune functions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Agerberth B, Charo J, Werr J, Olsson B, Idali F, Lindbom L, Kiessling R, Jornvall H, Wigzell H, Gudmundsson GH (2000) The human antimicrobial and chemotactic peptides LL-37 and alpha-defensins are expressed by specific lymphocyte and monocyte populations. Blood 96:3086–3093

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Allain TJ, Dhesi J (2003) Hypovitaminosis D in older adults. Gerontology 49:273–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ballardini N, Johansson C, Lilja G, Lindh M, Linde Y, Scheynius A, Agerberth B (2009) Enhanced expression of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in lesional skin of adults with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 161:40–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bikle DD (2004) Vitamin D regulated keratinocyte differentiation. J Cell Biochem 92:436–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bikle DD (2007) What is new in vitamin D: 2006–2007. Curr Opin Rheumatol 19:383–388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bikle DD, Pillai S, Gee E, Hincenbergs M (1989) Regulation of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D production in human keratinocytes by interferon-gamma. Endocrinology 124:655–660

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bikle D, Chang S, Crumrine D, Elalieh H, Man M, Dardenne O, Xie Z, Arnaud R, Feingold K, Elias P (2004) Mice lacking 25OHD 1alpha-hydroxylase demonstrate decreased epidermal differentiation and barrier function. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1–5:347–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bikle D, Teichert A, Hawker N, Xie Z, Oda Y (2007) Sequential regulation of keratinocyte differentiation by 1, 25(OH)2D3, VDR, and its coregulators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103:396–404

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Boonstra A, Barrat FJ, Crain C, Heath VL, Savelkoul HF, O’Garra A (2001) 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J Immunol 167:4974–4980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bos JD, de Rie MA, Teunissen MB, Piskin G (2005) Psoriasis: dysregulation of innate immunity. Br J Dermatol 152:1098–1107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Braff MH, Gallo RL (2006) Antimicrobial peptides: an essential component of the skin defensive barrier. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 306:91–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Braff MH, Di Nardo A, Gallo RL (2005) Keratinocytes store the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in lamellar bodies. J Invest Dermatol 124:394–400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Braff MH, Hawkins MA, Di Nardo A, Lopez-Garcia B, Howell MD, Wong C, Lin K, Streib JE, Dorschner R, Leung DY, Gallo RL (2005) Structure-function relationships among human cathelicidin peptides: dissociation of antimicrobial properties from host immunostimulatory activities. J Immunol 174:4271–4278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Braff MH, Zaiou M, Fierer J, Nizet V, Gallo RL (2005) Keratinocyte production of cathelicidin provides direct activity against bacterial skin pathogens. Infect Immun 73:6771–6781

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Charakida A, Dadzie O, Teixeira F, Charakida M, Evangelou G, Chu AC (2006) Calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate for the treatment of psoriasis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 7:597–606

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen S, Sims GP, Chen XX, Gu YY, Lipsky PE (2007) Modulatory effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human B cell differentiation. J Immunol 179:1634–1647

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. D’Ambrosio D, Cippitelli M, Cocciolo MG, Mazzeo D, Di Lucia P, Lang R, Sinigaglia F, Panina-Bordignon P (1998) Inhibition of IL-12 production by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Involvement of NF-kappaB downregulation in transcriptional repression of the p40 gene. J Clin Invest 101:252–262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Daniel C, Sartory NA, Zahn N, Radeke HH, Stein JM (2008) Immune modulatory treatment of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis with calcitriol is associated with a change of a T helper (Th) 1/Th17 to a Th2 and regulatory T cell profile. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 324:23–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. De Y, Chen Q, Schmidt AP, Anderson GM, Wang JM, Wooters J, Oppenheim JJ, Chertov O (2000) LL-37, the neutrophil granule- and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. J Exp Med 192:1069–1074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Deluca HF, Cantorna MT (2001) Vitamin D: its role and uses in immunology. FASEB J 15:2579–2585

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Di Nardo A, Braff MH, Taylor KR, Na C, Granstein RD, McInturff JE, Krutzik S, Modlin RL, Gallo RL (2007) Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides block dendritic cell TLR4 activation and allergic contact sensitization. J Immunol 178:1829–1834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dorschner RA, Pestonjamasp VK, Tamakuwala S, Ohtake T, Rudisill J, Nizet V, Agerberth B, Gudmundsson GH, Gallo RL (2001) Cutaneous injury induces the release of cathelicidin anti-microbial peptides active against group A Streptococcus. J Invest Dermatol 117:91–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Duweb G, Alhaddar J, Abuhamida M (2005) Calcipotriol solution in scalp psoriasis. Int J Tissue React 27:163–166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Frohm M, Agerberth B, Ahangari G, Stahle-Backdahl M, Liden S, Wigzell H, Gudmundsson GH (1997) The expression of the gene coding for the antibacterial peptide LL-37 is induced in human keratinocytes during inflammatory disorders. J Biol Chem 272:15258–15263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ganguly D, Chamilos G, Lande R, Gregorio J, Meller S, Facchinetti V, Homey B, Barrat FJ, Zal T, Gilliet M (2009) Self-RNA-antimicrobial peptide complexes activate human dendritic cells through TLR7 and TLR8. J Exp Med 206:1983–1994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Glaser R, Navid F, Schuller W, Jantschitsch C, Harder J, Schroder JM, Schwarz A, Schwarz T (2009) UV-B radiation induces the expression of antimicrobial peptides in human keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123:1117–1123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Koeffler HP (2005) Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Faseb J 19:1067–1077

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gombart AF, Saito T, Koeffler HP (2009) Exaptation of an ancient Alu short interspersed element provides a highly conserved vitamin D-mediated innate immune response in humans and primates. BMC Genomics 10:321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gorman S, Kuritzky LA, Judge MA, Dixon KM, McGlade JP, Mason RS, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH (2007) Topically applied 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances the suppressive activity of CD4+ CD25+ cells in the draining lymph nodes. J Immunol 179:6273–6283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Griffin MD, Xing N, Kumar R (2003) Vitamin D and its analogs as regulators of immune activation and antigen presentation. Annu Rev Nutr 23:117–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Harder J, Siebert R, Zhang Y, Matthiesen P, Christophers E, Schlegelberger B, Schroder JM (1997) Mapping of the gene encoding human beta-defensin-2 (DEFB2) to chromosome region 8p22–p23.1. Genomics 46:472–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Harder J, Bartels J, Christophers E, Schroder JM (2001) Isolation and characterization of human beta -defensin-3, a novel human inducible peptide antibiotic. J Biol Chem 276:5707–5713

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hata TR, Kotol P, Jackson M, Nguyen M, Paik A, Udall D, Kanada K, Yamasaki K, Alexandrescu D, Gallo RL (2008) Administration of oral vitamin D induces cathelicidin production in atopic individuals. J Allergy Clin Immunol 122:829–831

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Heilborn JD, Frohm Nilsson M, Kratz G, Weber G, Sorensen O, Borregaard N, Stahle-Backdahl M (2003) The cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide LL-37 is involved in re-epithelialization of human skin wounds and is lacking in chronic ulcer epithelium. J Invest Dermatol 120:379–389

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Heilborn JD, Weber G, Gronberg A, Dieterich C, Stahle M (2009) Topical treatment with the vitamin D analogue calcipotriol enhances the upregulation of the antimicrobial protein hCAP18/LL-37 during wounding in human skin in vivo. Exp Dermatol [Epub ahead of print]

  36. Holick MF, Uskokovic M, Henley JW, MacLaughlin J, Holick SA, Potts JT Jr (1980) The photoproduction of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in skin: an approach to the therapy of vitamin-D-resistant syndromes. N Engl J Med 303:349–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Howell MD, Gallo RL, Boguniewicz M, Jones JF, Wong C, Streib JE, Leung DY (2006) Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis skin subverts the innate immune response to vaccinia virus. Immunity 24:341–348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Jansen T, Krug S, Kind P, Plewig G, Messer G (2004) BsmI polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor gene in patients with the fulminant course of rosacea conglobata (rosacea fulminans). J Dermatol 31:244–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Koczulla R, von Degenfeld G, Kupatt C, Krotz F, Zahler S, Gloe T, Issbrucker K, Unterberger P, Zaiou M, Lebherz C, Karl A, Raake P, Pfosser A, Boekstegers P, Welsch U, Hiemstra PS, Vogelmeier C, Gallo RL, Clauss M, Bals R (2003) An angiogenic role for the human peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18. J Clin Invest 111:1665–1672

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Koga C, Kabashima K, Shiraishi N, Kobayashi M, Tokura Y (2008) Possible pathogenic role of Th17 cells for atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol

  41. Lande R, Gregorio J, Facchinetti V, Chatterjee B, Wang YH, Homey B, Cao W, Su B, Nestle FO, Zal T, Mellman I, Schroder JM, Liu YJ, Gilliet M (2007) Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide. Nature 449:564–569

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lebwohl M, Menter A, Koo J, Feldman SR (2004) Combination therapy to treat moderate to severe psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 50:416–430

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Lehmann B (2009) Role of the vitamin D3 pathway in healthy and diseased skin–facts, contradictions and hypotheses. Exp Dermatol 18:97–108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lehmann B, Genehr T, Knuschke P, Pietzsch J, Meurer M (2001) UVB-induced conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in an in vitro human skin equivalent model. J Invest Dermatol 117:1179–1185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lemire JM (1995) Immunomodulatory actions of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 53:599–602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Lemire JM, Archer DC, Beck L, Spiegelberg HL (1995) Immunosuppressive actions of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: preferential inhibition of Th1 functions. J Nutr 125:1704S–1708S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, Kamen DL, Wagner M, Bals R, Steinmeyer A, Zugel U, Gallo RL, Eisenberg D, Hewison M, Hollis BW, Adams JS, Bloom BR, Modlin RL (2006) Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 311:1770–1773

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Lopez-Garcia B, Lee PH, Yamasaki K, Gallo RL (2005) Anti-fungal activity of cathelicidins and their potential role in Candida albicans skin infection. J Invest Dermatol 125:108–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Mallbris L, Edström D, Sundblad L, Granath F, Stahle M (2005) UVB upregulates the antimicrobial protein hCAP18 mRNA in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 125:1072–1074

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Mallbris L, Carlen L, Wei T, Heilborn J, Nilsson MF, Granath F, Stahle M (2009) Injury downregulates the expression of the human cathelicidin protein hCAP18/LL-37 in atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol

  51. Moan J, Porojnicu AC, Dahlback A, Setlow RB (2008) Addressing the health benefits and risks, involving vitamin D or skin cancer, of increased sun exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:668–673

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Murakami M, Ohtake T, Dorschner RA, Schittek B, Garbe C, Gallo RL (2002) Cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide expression in sweat, an innate defense system for the skin. J Invest Dermatol 119:1090–1095

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Murakami M, Lopez-Garcia B, Braff M, Dorschner RA, Gallo RL (2004) Postsecretory processing generates multiple cathelicidins for enhanced topical antimicrobial defense. J Immunol 172:3070–3077

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nestle FO, Di Meglio P, Qin JZ, Nickoloff BJ (2009) Skin immune sentinels in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 9:679–691

    Google Scholar 

  55. Niyonsaba F, Someya A, Hirata M, Ogawa H, Nagaoka I (2001) Evaluation of the effects of peptide antibiotics human beta-defensins-1/-2 and LL-37 on histamine release and prostaglandin D(2) production from mast cells. Eur J Immunol 31:1066–1075

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ong PY, Ohtake T, Brandt C, Strickland I, Boguniewicz M, Ganz T, Gallo RL, Leung DY (2002) Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 347:1151–1160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Oppenheim JJ, Tewary P, de la Rosa G, Yang D (2007) Alarmins initiate host defense. Adv Exp Med Biol 601:185–194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Peric M, Koglin S, Kim SM, Morizane S, Besch R, Prinz JC, Ruzicka T, Gallo RL, Schauber J (2008) IL-17A enhances vitamin D3-induced expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in human keratinocytes. J Immunol 181:8504–8512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Peric M, Koglin S, Dombrowski Y, Gross K, Bradac E, Buchau A, Steinmeyer A, Zugel U, Ruzicka T, Schauber J (2009) Vitamin D analogs differentially control antimicrobial peptide/“alarmin” expression in psoriasis. PLoS One 4:e6340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Piemonti L, Monti P, Sironi M, Fraticelli P, Leone BE, Dal Cin E, Allavena P, Di Carlo V (2000) Vitamin D3 affects differentiation, maturation, and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol 164:4443–4451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Prosser DE, Jones G (2004) Enzymes involved in the activation and inactivation of vitamin D. Trends Biochem Sci 29:664–673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Prpic-Massari L, Kastelan M (2009) Innate and acquired immunity in psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res 301:195–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Reichrath J (2007) Vitamin D and the skin: an ancient friend, revisited. Exp Dermatol 16:618–625

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Rigby WF, Stacy T, Fanger MW (1984) Inhibition of T lymphocyte mitogenesis by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). J Clin Invest 74:1451–1455

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Schauber J, Gallo RL (2007) Expanding the roles of antimicrobial peptides in skin: alarming and arming keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 127:510–512

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Schauber J, Gallo RL (2008) Antimicrobial peptides and the skin immune defense system. J Allergy Clin Immunol 122:261–266

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Schauber J, Iffland K, Frisch S, Kudlich T, Schmausser B, Eck M, Menzel T, Gostner A, Luhrs H, Scheppach W (2004) Histone-deacetylase inhibitors induce the cathelicidin LL-37 in gastrointestinal cells. Mol Immunol 41:847–854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Schauber J, Dorschner RA, Yamasaki K, Brouha B, Gallo RL (2006) Control of the innate epithelial antimicrobial response is cell-type specific and dependent on relevant microenvironmental stimuli. Immunology 118:509–519

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Schauber J, Dorschner RA, Coda AB, Buchau AS, Liu PT, Kiken D, Helfrich YR, Kang S, Elalieh HZ, Steinmeyer A, Zugel U, Bikle DD, Modlin RL, Gallo RL (2007) Injury enhances TLR2 function and antimicrobial peptide expression through a vitamin D-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest 117:803–811

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Schauber J, Oda Y, Buchau AS, Yun QC, Steinmeyer A, Zugel U, Bikle DD, Gallo RL (2008) Histone acetylation in keratinocytes enables control of the expression of cathelicidin and CD14 by 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3). J Invest Dermatol 128:816–824

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Schroder JM, Harder J (1999) Human beta-defensin-2. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 31:645–651

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Selsted ME, Ouellette AJ (2005) Mammalian defensins in the antimicrobial immune response. Nat Immunol 6:551–557

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Shaykhiev R, Beisswenger C, Kandler K, Senske J, Puchner A, Damm T, Behr J, Bals R (2005) Human endogenous antibiotic LL-37 stimulates airway epithelial cell proliferation and wound closure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289:L842–L848

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Sigmundsdottir H, Pan J, Debes GF, Alt C, Habtezion A, Soler D, Butcher EC (2007) DCs metabolize sunlight-induced vitamin D3 to ‘program’ T cell attraction to the epidermal chemokine CCL27. Nat Immunol 8:285–293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tokumaru S, Sayama K, Shirakata Y, Komatsuzawa H, Ouhara K, Hanakawa Y, Yahata Y, Dai X, Tohyama M, Nagai H, Yang L, Higashiyama S, Yoshimura A, Sugai M, Hashimoto K (2005) Induction of keratinocyte migration via transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by the antimicrobial peptide LL-37. J Immunol 175:4662–4668

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Tomasinsig L, Pizzirani C, Skerlavaj B, Pellegatti P, Gulinelli S, Tossi A, Di Virgilio F, Zanetti M (2008) The human cathelicidin LL-37 modulates the activities of the P2X7 receptor in a structure-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 283:30471–30481

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. van Etten E, Mathieu C (2005) Immunoregulation by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: basic concepts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 97:93–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. van Etten E, Stoffels K, Gysemans C, Mathieu C, Overbergh L (2008) Regulation of vitamin D homeostasis: implications for the immune system. Nutr Rev 66:S125–S134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Wang T-T, Nestel F, Bourdeau V, Nagai Y, Wang Q, Liao J, Tavera-Mendoza L, Lin R, Hanrahan JH, Mader S, White JH (2004) Cutting edge: 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Immunol 173:2909–2912

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Weber G, Heilborn JD, Chamorro Jimenez CI, Hammarsjo A, Torma H, Stahle M (2005) Vitamin D induces the antimicrobial protein hCAP18 in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 124:1080–1082

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Harder J, Dressel S, Wittersheim M, Cordes J, Meyer-Hoffert U, Mrowietz U, Folster-Holst R, Proksch E, Schroder JM, Schwarz T, Glaser R (2010) Enhanced expression and secretion of antimicrobial peptides in atopic dermatitis and after superficial skin injury. J Invest Dermatol [Epub ahead of print]

  82. Yamanaka K, Dimitroff CJ, Fuhlbrigge RC, Kakeda M, Kurokawa I, Mizutani H, Kupper TS (2008) Vitamins A and D are potent inhibitors of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121:148–157 e3

    Google Scholar 

  83. Yamasaki K, Schauber J, Coda A, Lin H, Dorschner RA, Schechter NM, Bonnart C, Descargues P, Hovnanian A, Gallo RL (2006) Kallikrein-mediated proteolysis regulates the antimicrobial effects of cathelicidins in skin. Faseb J 20:2068–2080

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Yamasaki K, Di Nardo A, Bardan A, Murakami M, Ohtake T, Coda A, Dorschner RA, Bonnart C, Descargues P, Hovnanian A, Morhenn VB, Gallo RL (2007) Increased serine protease activity and cathelicidin promotes skin inflammation in rosacea. Nat Med 13:975–980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Yang D, Chertov O, Oppenheim JJ (2001) Participation of mammalian defensins and cathelicidins in anti-microbial immunity: receptors and activities of human defensins and cathelicidin (LL-37). J Leukoc Biol 69:691–697

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Yim S, Dhawan P, Ragunath C, Christakos S, Diamond G (2007) Induction of cathelicidin in normal and CF bronchial epithelial cells by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). J Cyst Fibros 6:403–410

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Yu J, Mookherjee N, Wee K, Bowdish DM, Pistolic J, Li Y, Rehaume L, Hancock RE (2007) Host defense peptide LL-37, in synergy with inflammatory mediator IL-1beta, augments immune responses by multiple pathways. J Immunol 179:7684–7691

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Zaba LC, Cardinale I, Gilleaudeau P, Sullivan-Whalen M, Suarez-Farinas M, Fuentes-Duculan J, Novitskaya I, Khatcherian A, Bluth MJ, Lowes MA, Krueger JG (2007) Amelioration of epidermal hyperplasia by TNF inhibition is associated with reduced Th17 responses. J Exp Med 204:3183–3194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Zaiou M, Gallo RL (2002) Cathelicidins, essential gene-encoded mammalian antibiotics. J Mol Med 80:549–561

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Zhao C, Wang I, Lehrer RI (1996) Widespread expression of beta-defensin hBD-1 in human secretory glands and epithelial cells. FEBS Lett 396:319–322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Zheng Y, Niyonsaba F, Ushio H, Nagaoka I, Ikeda S, Okumura K, Ogawa H (2007) Cathelicidin LL-37 induces the generation of reactive oxygen species and release of human alpha-defensins from neutrophils. Br J Dermatol 157:1124–1131 [Epub 4 Oct 2007]

    Google Scholar 

  92. Zugel U, Steinmeyer A, Giesen C, Asadullah K (2002) A novel immunosuppressive 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analog with reduced hypercalcemic activity. J Invest Dermatol 119:1434–1442 (related articles recently published in Archives of Dermatological Research (selected by the journal’s editorial staff)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

JS has received grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Emmy Noether Programm; Scha 979/3-1; www.dfg.de) and the Fritz-Thyssen Stiftung (www.fritz-thyssen-stiftung.de).

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, 80337, Munich, Germany

    Yvonne Dombrowski, Mark Peric, Sarah Koglin, Thomas Ruzicka & Jürgen Schauber

Authors
  1. Yvonne Dombrowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mark Peric
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sarah Koglin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thomas Ruzicka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jürgen Schauber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jürgen Schauber.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dombrowski, Y., Peric, M., Koglin, S. et al. Control of cutaneous antimicrobial peptides by vitamin D3. Arch Dermatol Res 302, 401–408 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-010-1045-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-010-1045-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation