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CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in human lupus erythematosus

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Abstract

Natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) show a potent immunosuppressive function and contribute to immunologic self-tolerance by suppressing potentially auto-reactive T cells. Depletion of these cells leads to the induction of severe autoimmune diseases in animal models; more recently, several studies have also reported an impairment of Treg number and/or function in various human autoimmune diseases. For example, aberrant numbers of circulating CD4+CD25+ Treg have been seen in patients with type I diabetes, mycosis fungoides, graft-versus-host-reaction, and rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, increased numbers of functionally active CD4+CD25+ Treg have been detected in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), conflicting data on the role of CD4+CD25+ Treg in human autoimmune diseases have been presented in the literature. Decreased numbers of peripheral blood Treg have been reported by most studies on SLE patients with active disease, but non-impaired or even increased CD4+CD25+ Treg numbers have also been described. In addition, both deficient and normal suppressive capacity of isolated Treg have been observed in SLE. Analysis of CD4+FoxP3+ Treg in skin lesions of patients with a primarily cutaneous manifestation of the disease showed a significant reduction in cell numbers as compared to other inflammatory skin diseases, suggesting the importance of analyzing Treg numbers in the affected tissue. In this review, we discuss the role of CD4+CD25+ Treg in autoimmunity and recent published data on SLE. Furthermore, we highlight the need for additional studies that address specific gaps of knowledge regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms as well as the identification of future therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases.

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Abbreviations

APC:

Antigen-presenting cells

CLE:

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus

IFN-γ:

Interferon gamma

IL:

Interleukin

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

SLE:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Tconv :

Conventional T cells

Treg :

Regulatory T cells

TCR:

T cell receptor

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant from the German Research Foundation (DFG) to A. K. (KU 1559/1-2) and S.B. (SFB 293 B8).

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The authors have no potential conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany

    Annegret Kuhn & Peter H. Krammer

  2. Department of Dermatology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 58, 48149, Muenster, Germany

    Annegret Kuhn & Stefan Beissert

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  1. Annegret Kuhn
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Kuhn, A., Beissert, S. & Krammer, P.H. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in human lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol Res 301, 71–81 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-008-0891-9

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