Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Percutaneous penetration through slightly damaged skin

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Archives of Dermatological Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Guidelines for experimental studies of percutaneous penetration prescribe optimal barrier integrity of the skin. The barrier integrity of the skin exposed in occupational or household situations is, however, not always ideal, and skin problems are among the most dominant reasons for absence from work. We have therefore evaluated an experimental model for percutaneous penetration through slightly damaged skin. The influence of a slight damage to the skin was evaluated using five pesticides covering a wide range of solubilities. We used an experimental model with static diffusion cells mounted with human skin. A slight damage to the barrier integrity was induced by pre-treatment of the skin with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) before pesticide exposure. The experimental model with 3 h pre-treatment with SLS (0.1% or 0.3%) assured a significant but controlled damage to the barrier integrity, a damage that remained unchanged for an experimental period of 48 h. Based on the percutaneous penetration of five pesticides, we conclude that a slightly damaged skin may significantly affect the rate, lag-time as well as total penetration of chemicals covering a wide range of solubilities. The percutaneous penetration of the most hydrophilic compounds will be those most affected. These findings should be considered when setting standards for dermal exposure to chemicals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Borrás-Blasco J, Díez-Sales O, López A, Herráez-Dominguez M (2004) A mathematical approach to predicting the percutaneous absorption enhancing effect of sodium lauryl sulphate. Int J Pharmaceutics 269:121–129

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bronaugh RL, Stewart RF (1985) Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. V: Permeation through damaged skin. J Pharm Sci 74:1062–1066

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bronaugh RL, Stewart RF, Simon M (1986) Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. VII: Use of excised human skin. J Pharm Sci 75:1094–1097

    Google Scholar 

  4. Davies DJ, Ward RJ, Heylings JR (2004) Multi-species assessment of electrical resistance as a skin integrity marker for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. Toxicol In Vitro 18:351–358

    Google Scholar 

  5. Dickel H, Bruckner TM, Erdmann SM, Fluhr JW, Frosch PJ, Grabbe J, Loffler H, Merk HF, Pirker C, Schwanitz HJ, Weisshaar E, Brasch J (2004) The “strip” patch test: results of a multicentre study towards a standardization. Arch Dermat Res 296:212–219

    Google Scholar 

  6. Diepgen TL (2003) Occupational skin-disease data in Europe. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 76:331–338

    Google Scholar 

  7. Dupuis D, Rougier A, Roguet R, Lotte C (1986) The measurement of the stratum corneum reservoir: a simple method to predict the influence of vehicles on in vivo percutaneous absorption. Br J Dermatol 115:233–238

    Google Scholar 

  8. Froebe CL, Simion FA, Rhein LD, Cagan RH, Kligman A (1990) Stratum corneum lipid removal by surfactants: relation to in vivo irritation. Dermatologica 181:277–283

    Google Scholar 

  9. Grandjean P (1990) Skin penetration. Hazardous chemicals at work. Taylor& Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hadgraft J (2004) Skin deep. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 58:291–299

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ilyin LA, Ivannikov AT, Parfenov YD, Stolyarov VP (1975) Strontium absorption through damaged and undamaged human skin. Health Phys 29:75–80

    Google Scholar 

  12. Larsen RH, Nielsen F, Sørensen JA, Nielsen JB (2003) Dermal penetration of Fentanyl: Inter- and intraindividual variations. Pharm Toxicol 93:244–248

    Google Scholar 

  13. Levang AK, Zhao K, Singh J (1999) Effect of ethanol/propylene glycol on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of aspirin, biophysical changes and macroscopic barrier properties of the skin. Int J Pharm 181:255–263

    Google Scholar 

  14. Nielsen GD, Nielsen JB, Andersen KE, Grandjean P (2000) Effect of industrial detergents on the barrier function of human skin. Int J Occup Environ Health 6:138–142

    Google Scholar 

  15. Nielsen JB (2000) Effects of four detergents on the in-vitro barrier function of human skin. Int J Occup Environ Health 6:143–147

    Google Scholar 

  16. Nielsen JB, Grandjean P (2004) Criteria for skin notation in different countries. Am J Ind Med 45:275–280

    Google Scholar 

  17. Nielsen JB, Nielsen F (2000) Dermal in vitro penetration of methiocarb, paclobutrazol and pirimicarb. Occup Environ Med 57:734–737

    Google Scholar 

  18. Nielsen JB, Nielsen F, Sørensen JA (2004) In vitro percutaneous penetration of five pesticides —effects of molecular weight and solubility characteristics. Ann Occup Hyg 48:697–705

    Google Scholar 

  19. Nokhodchi A, Shokri J, Dashbolaghi A, Hassan-Zadeh D, Ghafourian T, Barzegar-Jalali M (2003) The enhancement effect of surfactants on the penetration of lorazepam through rat skin. Int J Pharm 250:359–369

    Google Scholar 

  20. OECD (2003) OECD Guideline for testing of chemicals, No. 428: Skin absorption: in vitro method. Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development, Paris

  21. Piret J, Desormeaux A, Cormier H, Lamontagne J, Gourde P, Juhasz J, Bergeron MG (2000) Sodium lauryl sulfate increases the efficacy of a topical formulation of foscarnet against herpes simplex virus type 1 cutaneous lesions in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:2263–2270

    Google Scholar 

  22. Proksch E, Brasch J, Sterry W (1996) Integrity of the permeability barrier regulates epidermal Langerhans cell density. Br J Dermatol 134:630–638

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ribaud CH, Garson JC, Doucet J, Lévêque JL (1994) Organization of stratum corneum lipids in relation to permeability: influence of sodium lauryl sulphate and preheating. Pharm Res 11:1414–1418

    Google Scholar 

  24. Scott RC, Dugard PH (1986) A model for quantifying absorption through abnormal skin. J Invest Dermatol 86:208–212

    Google Scholar 

  25. Scott RC, Dugard PH, Doss AW (1986) Permeability of abnormal rat skin. J Invest Dermatol 86:201–207

    Google Scholar 

  26. Southwell D, Barry BW, Woodford R (1994) Variations in permeability of human skin within and between species. Int J Pharm 18:299–309

    Google Scholar 

  27. van de Sandt JJM, van Burgsteden JA, Cage S, Carmichael PL, Dick I, Kenyon S, Korinth G, Larese F, Limasset JC, Maas WJM, Montomoli L, Nielsen JB, Payan J-P, Robinson E, Sartorelli P, Schaller KH, Wilkinson SC, Williams FM (2004) In vitro predictions of skin absorption of caffeine, testosterone and benzoic acid: a multi-centre comparison study. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 39:271–281

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The study was funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, programme on pesticides (no. 7041-0055).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 17, 5000, Odense C, Denmark

    Jesper B. Nielsen

Authors
  1. Jesper B. Nielsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jesper B. Nielsen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nielsen, J.B. Percutaneous penetration through slightly damaged skin. Arch Dermatol Res 296, 560–567 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-005-0555-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-005-0555-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation