Abstract
Introduction
Surgical treatment options for acromioclavicular joint separations are varied. Frequently, suspension devices (SD) are inserted for stabilization under arthroscopic view. This study investigates the feasibility and accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) digital-volume-tomography (DVT) C-arm navigated implantation with regard to the general trend toward increasingly minimally invasive procedures.
Materials and methods
The implantation of a TightRope® suture button system (SD) via a navigated vertical drill channel through the clavicle and coracoid was investigated in 10 synthetic shoulder models with a mobile isocentric C-arm image intensifier setup in the usual parasagittal position. Thereby, in addition the placement of an additive horizontal suture cerclage via a navigated drill channel through the acromion was assessed.
Results
All vertical drill channels in the Coracoclavicular (CC) direction could be placed in a line centrally through the clavicle and the coracoid base. The horizontal drill channels in the Acromioclavicular (AC) direction ran strictly in the acromion, without affecting the AC joint or lateral clavicle. All SD could be well inserted and anchored. After tensioning and knotting of the system, the application of the horizontal AC cerclage was easily possible. The image quality was good and all relevant structures could be assessed well.
Conclusion
Intraoperative 3D DVT imaging of the shoulder joint using a mobile isocentric C-arm in the usual parasagittal position to the patient is possible. Likewise, DVT navigated SD implantation at the AC joint in CC and AC direction on a synthetic shoulder model. By combining both methods, the application in vivo could be possible. Further clinical studies on feasibility and comparison with established methods should be performed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
Traumatic acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations are common shoulder injuries, representing 4–12% of all shoulder girdle injuries. They often occur in amateur sports such as skiing, cycling, or football due to direct impact, with an incidence of 3–4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year [1]. Probably the most common classification of shoulder joint separations is the Rockwood classification, developed in 1984 from the Tossy classification published in 1963 and currently modified by a consensus procedure of the European Shoulder Associates [2, 3]. Type 1 injuries have sprained but still intact acromioclavicular (AC) and coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments. Type 2 injuries have torn AC ligaments and sprained or at most partially torn CC ligaments. Type 3a injuries have completely torn AC and CC ligaments with significant vertical elevation of the lateral clavicle. Type 3b injuries have horizontal instability in addition to vertical instability. In type 4 injuries, the lateral clavicle is firmly displaced dorsally. In type 5 injuries, the lateral clavicle is displaced cranially by 100–300%. And in the very rare type 6 injuries the lateral clavicle is hooked inferiorly [4]. There is general consensus for conservative treatment of type 1 and 2 injuries and surgical treatment of type 4–6 injuries. For type 3 injuries, there is a relative indication for surgery [5], 3a more conservative and 3b more surgical. The dividing line between acute and chronic injuries is set at 3 weeks. More than 150 different surgical therapy options are known [5]. Equivalent and most frequently used are the conventional hook plate and the already well-established suspension devise (SD) procedure [6, 7]. With this method, implant removal is no longer necessary and with regard to the trend toward increasingly minimally invasive surgical methods, the SD can be placed under arthroscopic guidance since the year 2001 [8]. Thus, for acute injuries, arthroscopically assisted anatomic reconstruction with a SD is favored and no biological augmentation is recommended, whereas for chronic injuries, biological reconstruction of the CC and AC ligaments with a tendon graft can be performed [2]. In addition to SD stabilization of the CC ligaments, the application of a horizontal AC cerclage is recommended by some authors [9,10,11,12]. For better intraoperative visual assessment of the shoulder joint, digital volume tomography (DVT) can be performed using a mobile C-arm [13,14,15]. Under laboratory conditions, Stübig et al. were able to demonstrate more accurate drill channel placement CC on nine cadaver shoulders using navigation with a non-isocentric flat detector C-arm in three dimensions (3D) than under conventional two-dimensional (2D) radiographic control [16]. With this study on 10 shoulder models, we investigate the feasibility and accuracy of 3D isocentric C-arm navigated SD implantation CC and AC under everyday conditions in the operating room.
Material and methods
For this study, 10 intact right shoulder models from SYNBONE® were used (part number PR0720.1—Right shoulder with vise attachment, scapula, clavicle, humerus, ligaments, biceps tendon, axillary nerve, and soft tissue). The models are manufactured with a specially formulated polyurethane foam comprising of a cancellous inner core and a harder outer shell simulating the cortical bone. They are primarily developed for orthopedic surgical education and are designed to provide the feeling of working with humanlike bone. Similar forces are required to saw, tap, plate, and drill these models. The shoulder models were fixed in beach chair position on a carbon table under everyday conditions in the operating room. Subsequently, closed retention of the AC joint with a Kirschner wire was performed percutaneously under 2D radiographic control using a mobile isocentric C-arm image intensifier (Siemens® Cios Spin) placed in the usual parasagittal position. A second wire was inserted parallel to the first to attach the navigation reference to the lateral acromion. Then the first DVT scan was performed and the navigation system was integrated (Brainlab “Buzz,” consisting of hardware (instruments, references, cameras, and screens) and software (Backbone 1.6.2.54, Backbone Viewer 1.6.2.578, Brainlab Buzz 1.0.0.12, and Brainlab Nodemaster 1.6.0.48)). First, the AC joint position was checked. Then the CC drill channel was precisely planned on the navigation monitor. Subsequently, the drill channel was created in a navigated fashion through a stab incision above the clavicle on the shoulder model. The suspension device (SD, Arthrex TightRope® suture button system) was then guided through the drill channel and anchored below the coracoid base and tightened above the clavicle. In addition, the AC drill channel was planned and also created using navigation. One suture end of the fixed CC SD was then passed laterally through the AC drill canal with a nitinol wire® (Arthrex) and returned close to the bone above the acromion under the soft tissues to be reknotted with the other suture end under tension. Finally, another DVT scan was made for visual control and assessment of the drill channels and the inserted SD. In Figs. 1 and 2 the system setup, the drill channels planning on the monitor and the performance of the procedure under imaging control are shown step by step.
System setup in the operating room. a–c a synthetic shoulder model is attached to the operating table. The mobile C-arm is placed in parasagittal position at the head end. The navigation camera is pointed at the references on the model and the C-arm. The navigation monitor still shows images of the first DVT scan with a planned CC drill channel. On the X-ray monitor, the already implanted SD is visible in two planes. The drill, wires, and pointers are on the instrument table. d–e the planning of the navigated drill channel in CC direction is shown enlarged in two planes (coronal and sagittal)
Navigated drilling and implantation of the SD. a the reference is attached to the lateral acromion margin, temporarily fixing the AC joint and the CC drill channel is already being prepared with a lying drill wire. b the AC drill channel is created. c the drill wire in the acromion is replaced by a wire loop through which the suture loop is pulled later. d the lying CC drill wire is overdrilled using a cannulated drill. e a trocar is introduced CC. f the SD is inserted through the trocar. g the SD is anchored below the coracoid and above the clavicle. h the SD is knotted and then a thread end will be pulled laterally through the acromion using the wire loop
The system setup in the operating room was identical to that of the study “intraoperative 3D imaging in plate osteosynthesis of proximal humerus fractures” [15]. The same operating table and the same C-arm were used in exactly the same position to each other as shown in Fig. 3.
Illustrated in a sketch. Shown is the arrangement of the mobile C-arm and navigation camera to the shoulder models on the operating table in the center. Surgeon (OP), assistant (ASS), nurse, anesthesia (AN), and monitors around. The area marked in red represents the imaged body region (right shoulder with complete AC joint) between the X-ray tube and detector of the C-arm
Postoperatively, the intraoperative DVT images were evaluated with the DeepUnity® program (Diagnost 1.2.0.1, Dedalus) as shown in Fig. 4. To determine the accuracy of the navigated drill holes, the drill channels were measured in length and position in the clavicle, coracoid, and acromion. In addition, the implant position was assessed. Furthermore image quality was evaluated using a modified VAS (visual analog scale) and points system by two independent investigators (both senior orthopedic trauma residents) [17, 18]. The general image quality, the delineation of corticalis, cancellous bone and joint surface, as well as the occurrence of disturbing metal artifacts and the general accessibility of clinically relevant structures and implants were examined. The results are shown in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4.
Intraoperative DVT images of the examined models for control and measuring of the inserted SD in multiplanar view (a–d) and 3D reconstruction (e–g). a Sagittal plane to measure the position and length (dashed line) of the CC drill channel and assess the button position above the clavicle and below the coracoid (here the drill channel is centered in the clavicle and the lower button is directly at the tip of the coracoid arch at 12 o’clock) directly on the bone. b Coronal plane for measuring and evaluating the CC and AC drill channel as well as the button position (the central position of the CC drill channel and the button placed directly underneath the coracoid as well as the correctly positioned wire loop in the AC drill channel without affecting the lateral clavicle are confirmed here). c Axial plane to evaluate the central position of the drill channel entrance at the surface of the clavicle (yellow parallel lines) as well as the distance from here to the lateral end of the clavicle (orange dashed line) as well as the direction of the AC drill channel (gray dashed line from the wire loop to the center of the drill hole). d Axial plane at the level of the coracoid surface to determine the central drill channel position in anterior–posterior and medial–lateral direction (yellow grid lines). e and f 3D reconstruction in the direction of view from medioventral and cranioventral for three-dimensional assessment of the AC joint position (acromion = one star, lateral clavicle = two stars and coracoid = three stars) and the implant position (inserted wire loop in the AC drill channel, attached button above the clavicle and below the coracoid). g Hard paned 3D image reconstruction with direct view to the two CC titanium buttons from cranial to caudal
Results
First, it can be noted that the image quality was good and all relevant structures (clavicle, acromion, coracoid, AC joint position, titanium button, and wire), see Tables 1 and 2, could be assessed perfectly. Even the correct number of holes in the titanium buttons could be detected without any issues (see Fig. 4, in implant artifact assessment, the discriminatory power allows reliable assessment of the 1-mm-diameter holes in the titanium buttons).
The measurement results of the navigated SD implantations are shown in Tables 3 and 4. All ten vertical drill channels in the CC direction could be placed in a line centrally through the clavicle and the coracoid base. The mean distance from the drill hole entrance in the clavicle to the AC joint was 26 mm. The CC drill channel length was 29 mm on average. The horizontal drill channels in the AC direction ran strictly in the acromion, without affecting the AC joint or lateral clavicle. Moreover, they were directed in a line toward the respective vertical CC drill hole entrance at the clavicle. All SD could be easily inserted into the corresponding CC drill channel and anchored below the coracoid. After tensioning and knotting of the system, the application of the horizontal cerclage was always well possible. After implantation, the titanium buttons all appeared to be in direct contact with the bone. The lower button could be placed almost parallel to the upper one at the apex of the coracoid arch at 12 o’clock.
Discussion
Some studies in recent years report persistent complication risks even with the two most established procedures for surgical treatment of severe AC joint injuries, the hook plate and the SD. Secondary loss of reduction, persistent instability, implant dislocation, bone erosion, pain, and postoperative joint stiffness are most common [5,6,7, 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. Thus, further research is needed. In general, as here, there is a general trend toward increasingly minimally invasive and accurate surgical methods with reconstruction as anatomic as possible [1, 2].
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of DVT navigated SD implantation at the AC joint in CC and AC direction under everyday surgical conditions using a synthetic shoulder model. Arthroscopically assisted SD implantations are already well established and are currently widely used as state of the art [1, 2]. DVT navigated SD implantation would be even more minimally invasive, but by now this has only been demonstrated in two studies on human cadaver shoulders [16, 29].
In one study with human cadaver shoulders and another study with patients, Theopold et al. showed that arthroscopically assisted CC drill channel placement is more precise than open drilling with a targeting device [30, 31]. However, Stübig et al. were able to show in their two studies that DVT navigated CC drill channel placement is even more precise than arthroscopically assisted or under 2D radiographic control [16, 29].
Some authors recommend AC cerclage in addition to CC SD implantation to stabilize the horizontal and axial AC joint injury components [9,10,11,12, 32,33,34,35,36,37]. In the two studies by Stübig et al., only DVT navigated CC SD stabilization was demonstrated. The possibility of placing an AC cerclage was not investigated [16, 29]. The method of DVT navigated SD implantation described by Stübig et al. has neither been studied in vivo nor has the procedure been introduced into clinical practice so far.
In our present DVT navigated SD study, the conditions were adapted to everyday surgical practice and the system setup in the operating room was identical to the in vivo study on intraoperative 3D C-arm visualization of the shoulder joint [15]. As in the two studies by Stübig et al., the CC drill channels in our study could be placed very precisely in a line always centered on the clavicle and the coracoid [16]. Furthermore, in our study, an additional drill channel could be accurately created through the acromion for horizontal stabilization of the AC joint. The insertion of SD implants through the navigated CC drill channels was briefly mentioned in the study by Stübig et al. but not further described or visually demonstrated [16]. However, the reliably feasible insertion and anchorage of these implants could be shown in detail in our study. In addition, we were able to demonstrate the simple application of AC suture cerclage through a navigated acromion drill channel.
In a recently published study, we have already demonstrated, contrary to previous opinion, that it is possible to perform intraoperative 3D DVT on the shoulder with an isocentric mobile C-arm in the usual parasagittal position to the patient [15, 38]. In a retrospective evaluation of these images, we were able to additionally demonstrate the imageability of the entire AC joint (lateral clavicle, coracoid, and acromion) with regard to the current question. The image quality in our present study on synthetic shoulder models as well as in the re-evaluated retrospective shoulder DVT images of our previous study was better than partly described in the literature [39]. This could be related to the use and arrangement of a mobile isocentric C-arm, which is used to image only the shoulder region and does not require irradiation of the entire patients thorax. For the time of the DVT recording, the entire surgical team including the anesthesia can temporarily leave the operating room and thus avoid their own radiation exposure.
The feasibility of intraoperative 3D DVT imaging of the shoulder in vivo has only been published so far for proximal humerus fractures and for accurate positioning of the baseplate in reverse shoulder arthroplasty [13,14,15, 39]. However, in combination with navigation it might also be useful for accurate assessment of AC joint repositioning, accurate drill channel placement, and control of SD implantation.
Regarding limitations, this is a feasibility study on a synthetic shoulder model. The number of ten shoulder models is small. No clinical parameters on complaints or function were recorded. No evaluation of comparisons between different methods, such as arthroscopically assisted SD implantation or the hook plate, was made and no biomechanical studies were performed.
Conclusion
Intraoperative 3D DVT imaging of the shoulder joint using a mobile isocentric C-arm in the usual parasagittal position to the patient is possible. Likewise, DVT navigated SD implantation at the AC joint in CC and AC direction on the shoulder model. By combining both methods, the application in vivo could be possible. Thus, 3D-imaging could possibly improve the precision of drill holes or make the arthroscopic control in this operation obsolete.
Next, a clinical study on the feasibility of navigated SD implantation in vivo should be performed. This could be followed by further clinical studies comparing the procedure with the two established methods of arthroscopically assisted SD implantation and the clavicle hook plate.
Data availability
All the authors decided that the data and material will not be deposited in a public repository.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Martetschläger F, Kraus N, Scheibel M, Streich J, Venjakob A, Maier D (2019) The diagnosis and treatment of acute dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. Dtsch Arzteblatt Int 116:89–95. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2019.0089
Rosso C, Martetschläger F, Saccomanno MF, Voss A, Lacheta L, Beitzel K, Milano G, ESA DELPHI Consensus Panel (2021) High degree of consensus achieved regarding diagnosis and treatment of acromioclavicular joint instability among ESA-ESSKA members. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA 29:2325–2332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06286-w
Tossy JD, Mead NC, Sigmond HM (1963) Acromioclavicular separations: useful and practical classification for treatment. Clin Orthop 28:111–119
Gorbaty JD, Hsu JE, Gee AO (2017) Classifications in brief: rockwood classification of acromioclavicular joint separations. Clin Orthop 475:283–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5079-6
Berthold DP, Muench LN, Dyrna F, Mazzocca AD, Garvin P, Voss A, Scheiderer B, Siebenlist S, Imhoff AB, Beitzel K (2022) Current concepts in acromioclavicular joint (AC) instability—a proposed treatment algorithm for acute and chronic AC-joint surgery. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 23:1078. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-022-05935-0
Lloyd AJ, Hurley ET, Davey MS, Pauzenberger L, Mullet H (2020) Arthroscopic suture-button versus hook-plate fixation for acromioclavicular joint injuries-a systematic review of comparative studies. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2:e671–e676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2020.07.005
Arirachakaran A, Boonard M, Piyapittayanun P, Phiphobmongkol V, Chaijenkij K, Kongtharvonskul J (2016) Comparison of surgical outcomes between fixation with hook plate and loop suspensory fixation for acute unstable acromioclavicular joint dislocation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol Orthop Traumatol 26:565–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-016-1797-4
Wolf EM, Pennington WT (2001) Arthroscopic reconstruction for acromioclavicular joint dislocation. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg Off Publ Arthrosc Assoc N Am Int Arthrosc Assoc 17:558–563. https://doi.org/10.1053/jars.2001.23578
Dyrna F, Imhoff FB, Haller B, Braun S, Obopilwe E, Apostolakos JM, Morikawa D, Imhoff AB, Mazzocca AD, Beitzel K (2018) Primary stability of an acromioclavicular joint repair is affected by the type of additional reconstruction of the acromioclavicular capsule. Am J Sports Med 46:3471–3479. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546518807908
Hann C, Kraus N, Minkus M, Maziak N, Scheibel M (2018) Combined arthroscopically assisted coraco- and acromioclavicular stabilization of acute high-grade acromioclavicular joint separations. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA 26:212–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-017-4643-2
Maziak N, Audige L, Hann C, Minkus M, Scheibel M (2019) Factors predicting the outcome after arthroscopically assisted stabilization of acute high-grade acromioclavicular joint dislocations. Am J Sports Med 47:2670–2677. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519862850
Minkus M, Kraus N, Hann C, Scheibel M (2017) Arthroscopic reconstruction after acute acromioclavicular separation injuries. JBJS Essent Surg Tech 7:e7. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.ST.16.00063
Theopold J, Weihs K, Marquaß B, Josten C, Hepp P (2017) Detection of primary screw perforation in locking plate osteosynthesis of proximal humerus fracture by intra-operative 3D fluoroscopy. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 137:1491–1498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-017-2763-2
Hepp P, Theopold J, Jarvers J-S, Marquaß B, von Dercks N, Josten C (2014) Multiplanar reconstruction with mobile 3D image intensifier. Surgical treatment of proximal humerus fractures. Unfallchirurg 117:437–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-013-2367-4
Böhringer A, Cintean R, Eickhoff A, Gebhard F, Schütze K (2023) Intraoperative 3D imaging in plate osteosynthesis of proximal humerus fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-023-04820-2
Stübig T, Jähnisch T, Reichelt A, Krettek C, Citak M, Meller R (2013) Navigated vs arthroscopic-guided drilling for reconstruction of acromioclavicular joint injuries: accuracy and feasibility. Int J Med Robot Comput Assist Surg MRCAS 9:359–364. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcs.1506
Richter M, Geerling J, Zech S, Goesling T, Krettek C (2005) Intraoperative three-dimensional imaging with a motorized mobile C-arm (SIREMOBIL ISO-C-3D) in foot and ankle trauma care: a preliminary report. J Orthop Trauma 19:259–266. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.bot.0000151822.10254.db
Kotsianos D, Rock C, Euler E, Wirth S, Linsenmaier U, Brandl R, Mutschler W, Pfeifer KJ (2001) 3-D imaging with a mobile surgical image enhancement equipment (ISO-C-3D). Initial examples of fracture diagnosis of peripheral joints in comparison with spiral CT and conventional radiography. Unfallchirurg 104:834–838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001130170054
Athar MS, Ashwood N, Arealis G, Hamlet M, Salt E (2018) Acromioclavicular joint disruptions: a comparison of two surgical approaches “hook” and “rope.” J Orthop Surg Hong Kong 26:2309499017749984. https://doi.org/10.1177/2309499017749984
Cai L, Wang T, Lu D, Hu W, Hong J, Chen H (2018) Comparison of the tight rope technique and clavicular hook plate for the treatment of rockwood type III acromioclavicular joint dislocation. J Investig Surg Off J Acad Surg Res 31:226–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941939.2017.1305022
Chen C-H, Dong Q-R, Zhou R-K, Zhen H-Q, Jiao Y-J (2014) Effects of hook plate on shoulder function after treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocation. Int J Clin Exp Med 7:2564–2570
Jensen G, Katthagen JC, Alvarado LE, Lill H, Voigt C (2014) Has the arthroscopically assisted reduction of acute AC joint separations with the double tight-rope technique advantages over the clavicular hook plate fixation? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA 22:422–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-012-2270-5
Natera-Cisneros L, Sarasquete-Reiriz J, Escolà-Benet A, Rodriguez-Miralles J (2016) Acute high-grade acromioclavicular joint injuries treatment: arthroscopic non-rigid coracoclavicular fixation provides better quality of life outcomes than hook plate ORIF. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res OTSR 102:31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2015.10.007
Pan X, Lv R-Y, Lv M-G, Zhang D-G (2020) TightRope vs clavicular hook plate for rockwood III–V acromioclavicular dislocations: a meta-analysis. Orthop Surg 12:1045–1052. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.12724
Scheibel M, Dröschel S, Gerhardt C, Kraus N (2011) Arthroscopically assisted stabilization of acute high-grade acromioclavicular joint separations. Am J Sports Med 39:1507–1516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546511399379
Schmidt J, Altmann T, Schmidt I, Hackenberger J, Letsch R (2009) The effects of hook plates on the subacromial space. A clinical and MRI study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg Off Publ Eur Trauma Soc 35:132–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-008-7006-3
Stein T, Müller D, Blank M, Reinig Y, Saier T, Hoffmann R, Welsch F, Schweigkofler U (2018) Stabilization of acute high-grade acromioclavicular joint separation: a prospective assessment of the clavicular hook plate versus the double double-button suture procedure. Am J Sports Med 46:2725–2734. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546518788355
Wylie JD, Johnson JD, DiVenere J, Mazzocca AD (2018) Shoulder acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligament injuries: common problems and solutions. Clin Sports Med 37:197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2017.12.002
Stübig T, Jähnisch T, Petri M, Hawi N, Zeckey C, Krettek C, Citak M, Meller R (2013) Navigated versus conventional transfixation of AC joint injuries: feasibility and accuracy. Comput Aided Surg Off J Int Soc Comput Aided Surg 18:68–75. https://doi.org/10.3109/10929088.2013.766264
Theopold J, Marquass B, von Dercks N, Mütze M, Henkelmann R, Josten C, Hepp P (2015) Arthroscopically guided navigation for repair of acromioclavicular joint dislocations: a safe technique with reduced intraoperative radiation exposure. Patient Saf Surg 9:41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-015-0087-0
Theopold J, Weihs K, Löffler S, Marquass B, von Dercks N, Josten C, Hepp P (2015) Image-free navigated coracoclavicular drilling for the repair of acromioclavicular joint dislocation: a cadaver study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 135:1077–1082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-015-2243-5
Beitzel K, Obopilwe E, Apostolakos J, Cote MP, Russell RP, Charette R, Singh H, Arciero RA, Imhoff AB, Mazzocca AD (2014) Rotational and translational stability of different methods for direct acromioclavicular ligament repair in anatomic acromioclavicular joint reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 42:2141–2148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514538947
Braun S, Beitzel K, Buchmann S, Imhoff AB (2015) Arthroscopically assisted treatment of acute dislocations of the acromioclavicular joint. Arthrosc Tech 4:e681–e685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2015.07.029
Jensen G, Ellwein A, Voigt C, Katthagen JC, Lill H (2015) Double button Fixation with minimally invasive acromioclavicular cerclage: arthroscopically-assisted treatment of acute acromioclavicular joint instability. Unfallchirurg 118:1056–1061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-015-0106-8
Jensen G, Dey Hazra R-O, Al-Ibadi M, Salmoukas K, Katthagen JC, Lill H, Ellwein A (2022) Arthroscopically assisted single tunnel reconstruction for acute high-grade acromioclavicular joint dislocation with an additional acromioclavicular joint cerclage. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol Orthop Traumatol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-022-03271-6
Saier T, Venjakob AJ, Minzlaff P, Föhr P, Lindell F, Imhoff AB, Vogt S, Braun S (2015) Value of additional acromioclavicular cerclage for horizontal stability in complete acromioclavicular separation: a biomechanical study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA 23:1498–1505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-014-2895-7
Voss A, Löffler T, Reuter S, Imhoff AB, Kellner R, Csapo R, Braun S (2021) Additional acromioclavicular cerclage limits lateral tilt of the scapula in patients with arthroscopically assisted coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 141:1331–1338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-021-03761-y
Stübig T, Kendoff D, Citak M, Geerling J, Khalafi A, Krettek C, Hüfner T (2009) Comparative study of different intraoperative 3-D image intensifiers in orthopedic trauma care. J Trauma 66:821–830. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31815edf34
Theopold J, Pieroh P, Henkelmann R, Osterhoff G, Hepp P (2019) Real-time intraoperative 3D image intensifier-based navigation in reversed shoulder arthroplasty- analyses of image quality. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2657-2
Funding
Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. No author is affiliated to any of the supporting companies or received or will receive any form of payment related to this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All the authors contributed equally to this study.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. No company had influence in the collection of data or contributed to or had influence on the conception, design, analysis, and writing of the study. No further funding was received.
Ethical approval
This partial retrospective study involving human participants was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The local Human Investigation Committee (IRB) approved the human portion of this study.
Informed consent/consent to participate
In accordance with the local ethics committee due to the retrospective design a consent to participate was not necessary.
Consent for publication
In accordance with the local ethics committee due to the retrospective design a consent to publication was not necessary.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Böhringer, A., Gebhard, F., Dehner, C. et al. 3D C-arm navigated acromioclavicular joint stabilization. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 144, 601–610 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-023-05112-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-023-05112-5