Abstract
Introduction
This study aimed to demonstrate the characteristics of patellar fractures and evaluate clinical outcomes in elderly patients.
Patients and methods
Medical records of patients aged ≥ 60 years who presented with patellar fractures were retrospectively reviewed from an institutionally approved multicenter (five institutions) orthopedic database. Patient characteristics and fracture patterns were identified, and the clinical outcomes were investigated. We compared differences according to the injury mechanism (low- vs. high-energy).
Results
A total of 202 patients [mean age, 69.4 years (range, 60–88 years); male, 89, female, 113] were included in this study. The mean follow-up period was 14.8 months (range 6–58 months), and 75% of the fractures were from low-energy injuries. According to the AO /OTA classification, the most common type was type C (136 cases, 67.3%; 33 cases, C1; 23, C2; and 80, C3), followed by type A (39 cases), type B (26 cases), and unclassified (1 case). The unclassified case was an intra-articular marginal impaction without cortical breakage. Computed tomography (CT) revealed that of the cases, 66.8% had an inferior pole involvement; 80.7%, a comminuted fragment; and 10.4%, an impacted fracture. A total of 166 fractures (82.2%) were treated surgically. The mean union time and range of motion were 13.1 weeks and 123.8° (range 30–150°), respectively. The Lysholm score was 82.1 ± 12.0, with 65.7% of the cases having excellent or good function. The complication rate was 12.4% (24 cases), including ten, four, two, and five cases of infection, fixation failure, nonunion, malunion, and pin migration, respectively. The reoperation rate was 26.4%.
Conclusion
Patellar fractures in the elderly were mostly from low-energy injuries, and types C3 and A1 were the most common. CT images demonstrated high rates of an inferior pole involvement and comminution. The complication and reoperation rates were relatively high.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bostrom A (1972) Fracture of the patella. A study of 422 patellar fractures. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 143:1–80
Larsen P, Court-Brown CM, Vedel JO, Vistrup S, Elsoe R (2016) Incidence and epidemiology of patellar fractures. Orthopedics 39:e1154–e1158
Charlson M, Szatrowski TP, Peterson J, Gold J (1994) Validation of a combined comorbidity index. J Clin Epidemiol 47:1245–1251
ASo A (2014) ASA physical status classification system. ASA House of Delegates.
Bergstrom U, Bjornstig U, Stenlund H, Jonsson H, Svensson O (2008) Fracture mechanisms and fracture pattern in men and women aged 50 years and older: a study of a 12-year population-based injury register, Umea, Sweden. Osteoporos Int 19:1267–1273
Byun SE, Sim JA, Joo YB, Kim JW, Choi W, Na YG, Shon OJ (2019) Changes in patellar fracture characteristics: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 1596 patellar fracture cases between 2003 and 2017. Injury 50:2287–2291
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, McCloskey E (2008) FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int 19:385–397
Carbone S, Mezzoprete R, Papalia M, Arceri V, Carbone A, Gumina S (2018) Radiographic patterns of osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures. Eur J Radiol 100:43–48
Cole RJ, Bindra RR, Evanoff BA, Gilula LA, Yamaguchi K, Gelberman RH (1997) Radiographic evaluation of osseous displacement following intra-articular fractures of the distal radius: reliability of plain radiography versus computed tomography. J Hand Surg Am 22:792–800
Lazaro LE, Wellman DS, Pardee NC, Gardner MJ, Toro JB, Macintyre NR 3rd, Helfet DL, Lorich DG (2013) Effect of computerized tomography on classification and treatment plan for patellar fractures. J Orthop Trauma 27:336–344
Feibel RJ, Dehghan N, Cwinn AA (2007) Irreducible lateral patellar dislocation: the importance of impaction fracture recognition. J Emerg Med 33:11–15
Miller MA, Liu W, Zurakowski D, Smith RM, Harris MB, Vrahas MS (2012) Factors predicting failure of patella fixation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 72:1051–1055
Smith ST, Cramer KE, Karges DE, Watson JT, Moed BR (1997) Early complications in the operative treatment of patella fractures. J Orthop Trauma 11:183–187
Oh HK, Choo SK, Kim JW, Lee M (2015) Internal fixation of displaced inferior pole of the patella fractures using vertical wiring augmented with Krachow suturing. Injury 46:2512–2515
Yang KH, Byun YS (2003) Separate vertical wiring for the fixation of comminuted fractures of the inferior pole of the patella. J Bone Joint Surg Br 85:1155–1160
Cho JW, Kim J, Cho WT, Gujjar PH, Oh CW, Oh JK (2018) Comminuted inferior pole fracture of patella can be successfully treated with rim-plate-augmented separate vertical wiring. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 138:195–202
Jang JH, Rhee SJ, Kim JW (2019) Hook plating in patella fractures. Injury 50:2084–2088
Matejcic A, Smiljanic B, Bekavac-Beslin M, Ledinsky M, Puljiz Z (2006) The basket plate in the osteosynthesis of comminuted fractures of distal pole of the patella. Injury 37:525–530
Dy CJ, Little MT, Berkes MB, Ma Y, Roberts TR, Helfet DL, Lorich DG (2012) Meta-analysis of re-operation, nonunion, and infection after open reduction and internal fixation of patella fractures. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 73:928–932
Kadar A, Sherman H, Glazer Y, Katz E, Steinberg EL (2015) Predictors for nonunion, reoperation and infection after surgical fixation of patellar fracture. J Orthop Sci 20:168–173
Funding
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors (Jae-Ang Sim, Yong Bum Joo, Wonchul Choi, Seong-Eun Byun, Oog-Jin Shon, and Ji Wan Kim) declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sim, JA., Joo, Y.B., Choi, W. et al. Patellar fractures in elderly patients: a multicenter computed tomography-based analysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 141, 1439–1445 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-020-03526-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-020-03526-z