Abstract
Purpose
Individuals with favorable levels of readily measured cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (low risk, LR) experience low long-term rates of CVD mortality and greater longevity. The purpose of the current study was to compare nutrient/food intakes of LR participants with participants not LR in the INTERMAP study.
Methods
Men and women (40–59 years) from 17 population samples in four countries (China, Japan, UK, US) provided four 24-h dietary recalls and two timed 24-h urine collections. LR was defined as meeting all of the following CVD risk criteria: systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP) ≤120/≤80 mmHg; no drug treatment for high BP, hyperlipidemia, or CVD; non-smoking; BMI <25.0 kg/m2 (US, UK) or <23.0 kg/m2 (China, Japan); alcohol consumption <26.0 g/day (men)/<13.0 g/day (women); and no history of diabetes or CVD. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine associations of nutrient/food intakes with LR.
Results
LR individuals reported higher intake of vegetable protein, fiber, magnesium, non-heme iron, potassium; lower energy intake; lower intake of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, animal protein; and lower 24-h urinary sodium compared with individuals not LR. With regard to foods, LR individuals reported higher intake of fruits, vegetables, grains, pasta/rice, fish; lower intakes of meats, processed meats, high-fat dairy, and sugar-sweetened beverages than individuals not LR.
Conclusions
Lower energy intake and differential intake of multiple specific nutrients and foods are characteristic of individuals at low risk for developing CVD. Identification of dietary habits associated with LR is important for further development of public health efforts aimed at reduction/prevention of CVD.
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Acknowledgments
We thank all INTERMAP staff and participants at local, national, and international centers for their invaluable efforts; a partial listing of colleagues is given in Reference 13 here. This study was supported by grants 2-ROI-HL50490 and T32 HL 069771-07 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, and by the National Institutes of Health Office on Dietary Supplements (Bethesda, MD), and by national agencies in China, Japan (the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, grant-in-aid for scientific research [A] No. 090357003), and the United Kingdom.
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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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This study is conducted for the INTERMAP Research Group.
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Shay, C.M., Stamler, J., Dyer, A.R. et al. Nutrient and food intakes of middle-aged adults at low risk of cardiovascular disease: the international study of macro-/micronutrients and blood pressure (INTERMAP). Eur J Nutr 51, 917–926 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-011-0268-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-011-0268-2