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Metabolische Knochenkrankheit Osteomalazie

Metabolic bone disease osteomalacia

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Zusammenfassung

Die Osteomalazie ist eine seltene Störung des Knochenstoffwechsels, die mit einer verminderten Knochenmineralisation einhergeht. Zugrunde liegt meist ein Vitamin-D-Mangel oder eine Störung des Phosphatstoffwechsels (sog. hypophosphatämische Osteomalazie). Leitsymptome sind dumpfe, lokalisierte oder auch generalisierte Knochenschmerzen, Muskelschwäche und -krämpfe sowie eine gehäufte Sturzneigung. Differenzialdiagnostisch müssen v. a. rheumatische Erkrankungen wie z. B. Polymyalgia rheumatica, rheumatoide Arthritis, Myositiden und Fibromyalgie-Syndrom ausgeschlossen werden. Im Labor sind eine Erhöhung der alkalischen Phosphatase sowie ein erniedrigtes Serum-Phosphat und/oder 25(OH) Vitamin D3 für eine Osteomalazie wegweisend. Die Übergänge von einem Vitamin-D-Mangel zur manifesten Osteomalazie sind fließend. Gesichert werden kann die Diagnose einer Osteomalazie durch eine Knochenbiopsie aus dem Beckenkamm. Histologisches Korrelat ist die mangelnde/fehlende Mineralisierung der durch Osteoblasten neu synthetisierten Extrazellulärmatrix. Die Therapie besteht im Wesentlichen in der Gabe von Vitamin D und Kalzium, bei Resorptionsproblemen ggf. auch parenteral. Bei Phosphatverlustsyndromen ist die Substitution von Phosphat meist die Therapie der Wahl.

Abstract

Osteomalacia is a rare disorder of bone metabolism leading to reduced bone mineralization. Underlying vitamin D deficiency and a disturbed phosphate metabolism (so-called hypophosphatemic osteomalacia) can cause the disease. Leading symptoms are dull localized or generalized bone pain, muscle weakness and cramps as well as increased incidence of falls. Rheumatic diseases, such as polymyalgia rheumatica, rheumatoid arthritis, myositis and fibromyalgia must be considered in the differential diagnosis. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is typically elevated in osteomalacia while serum phosphate and/or 25-OH vitamin D3 levels are reduced. The diagnosis of osteomalacia can be confirmed by an iliac crest bone biopsy. Histological correlate is reduced or deficient mineralization of the newly synthesized extracellular matrix. Treatment strategies comprise supplementation of vitamin D and calcium and for patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes vitamin D and calcium are also given parenterally. In renal phosphate wasting syndromes substitution of phosphate is the treatment of choice, except for tumor-induced osteomalacia when removal of the tumor leads to a cure in most cases.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. M.A. Reuss-Borst gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Reuss-Borst, M. Metabolische Knochenkrankheit Osteomalazie. Z. Rheumatol. 73, 316–322 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-013-1285-8

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