Abstract
Objective
Pioglitazone has been shown to exert multiple antiatherosclerotic actions independent from its glycemic effects. We studied the hypothesis that pioglitazone improves coronary endothelial dysfunction in non-diabetic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
Methods
Fifty non-diabetic patients with CAD were randomized to 6 months treatment with pioglitazone 30 mg daily or placebo. Coronary endothelial function was tested at baseline and after 6 months with intracoronary infusion of adenosine, acetylcholine (0.072; 0.72; 7.2, and 36 µg/min), glyceroltrinitrate, and cold pressor test (CPT). The primary endpoint was the mean effect of treatment compared with placebo on acetylcholine-induced coronary vascular response for all acetylcholine dosages, based on percent change in luminal area measured by quantitative coronary angiography.
Results
There was no difference in baseline coronary endothelial function. The primary endpoint was significantly different between the groups with a 1.8% ± 2.0% increase in luminal area between baseline and follow-up with pioglitazone and a 7.6% ± 2.4% decrease in the placebo group (P < 0.008). At follow-up, there was a trend for a difference in CPT (P = 0.057). No difference was observed regarding intracoronary glyceroltrinitrate or adenosine.
Conclusions
Pioglitazone treatment in non-diabetic patients with CAD was associated with a significantly better coronary endothelial function compared to placebo.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al Suwaidi J, Hamasaki S, Higano ST, Nishimura RA, Holmes DR Jr, Lerman A (2000) Long-term follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 101:948–954
Berg AH, Scherer PE (2005) Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 96:939–949
Calnek DS, Mazzella L, Roser S, Roman J, Hart CM (2003) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands increase release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:52–55
Campia U, Matuskey LA, Panza JA (2006) Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-γ activation with pioglitazone improves endothelium-dependent dilation in nondiabetic patients with major cardiovascular risk factors. Circulation 113:867–875
Dimmeler S, Aicher A, Vasa M, Mildner-Rihm C, Adler K, Tiemann M, Rütten H, Fichtlscherer S, Martin H, Zeiher AM (2001) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Clin Invest 108:391–397
Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, Erdmann E, Massi-Benedetti M, Moules IK, Skene AM, Tan MH, Lefebvre PJ, Murray GD, Standl E, Wilcox RG, Wilhelmsen L, Betteridge J, Birkeland K, Golay A, Heine RJ, Koranyi L, Laakso M, Mokan M, Norkus A, Pirags V, Podar T, Scheen A, Scherbaum W, Schernthaner G, Schmitz O, Skrha J, Smith U, Taton J (2005) PROactive investigators. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone clinical trial in macroVascular events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366:1279–1289
Forst T, Hohberg C, Fuellert SD, Lubben G, Konrad T, Lobig M, Weber MM, Sachara C, Gottschall V, Pfutzner A (2005) Pharmacological PPARgamma stimulation in contrast to beta cell stimulation results in an improvement in adiponectin and proinsulin intact levels and reduces intima media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Horm Metab Res 37:521–527
Forst T, Lubben G, Hohberg C, Kann P, Sachara C, Gottschall V, Friedrich C, Rosskopf R, Pfutzner A (2005) Influence of glucose control and improvement of insulin resistance on microvascular blood flow and endothelial function in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Microcirculation 12:543–550
Ganz P, Vita JA (2003) Testing endothelial vasomotor function: nitric oxide, a multipotent molecule. Circulation 108:2049–2053
Halcox JP, Schenke WH, Zalos G, Mincemoyer R, Prasad A, Waclawiw MA, Nour KR, Quyyumi AA (2002) Prognostic value of coronary vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 106:653–658
Hetzel J, Balletshofer B, Rittig K, Walcher D, Kratzer W, Hombach V, Haring HU, Koenig W, Marx N (2005) Rapid effects of rosiglitazone treatment on endothelial function and inflammatory biomarkers. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25:1804–1809
Hill JM, Zalos G, Halcox JP, Schenke WH, Waclawiw MA, Quyyumi AA, Finkel T (2003) Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 348:593–600
Horio T, Suzuki M, Takamisawa I, Suzuki K, Hiuge A, Yoshimasa Y, Kawano Y (2005) Pioglitazone-induced insulin sensitization improves vascular endothelial function in nondiabetic patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 18:1626–1630
Koning G, Dijkstra J, von Birgelen C, Tuinenburg JC, Brunette J, Tardif JC, Oemrawsingh PW, Sieling C, Melsa S, Reiber JH (2002) Advanced contour detection for three-dimensional intracoronary ultrasound: a validation: in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 18:235–248
Koshiyama H, Shimono D, Kuwamura N, Minamikawa J, Nakamura Y (2001) Rapid communication: inhibitory effect of pioglitazone on carotid arterial wall thickness in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3452–3456
Langenfeld MR, Forst T, Hohberg C, Kann P, Lubben G, Konrad T, Fullert SD, Sachara C, Pfutzner A (2005) Pioglitazone decreases carotid intima-media thickness independently of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from a controlled randomized study. Circulation 111:2525–2531
Leichman JG, Lavis VR, Aguilar D, Wilson CR, Taegtmeyer H (2006) The metabolic syndrome and the heart. Clin Res Cardiol 95(Suppl 1):I/134–I/141
Martens FM, Rabelink TJ, op ‘t Roodt J, de Koning EJ, Visseren FL (2006) TNF-alpha induces endothelial dysfunction in diabetic adults, an effect reversible by the PPAR-gamma agonist pioglitazone. Eur Heart J 27:1605–1609
Martens FM, Visseren FL, de Koning EJ, Rabelink TJ (2005) Short-term pioglitazone treatment improves vascular function irrespective of metabolic changes in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 46:773–778
Marx N, Duez H, Fruchart JC, Staels B (2004) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and atherogenesis: regulators of gene expression in vascular cells. Circ Res 94:1168–1178
Marx N, Mach F, Sauty A, Sarafi M, Libby P, Plutzky J, Luster AD (2000) PPARg activators inhibit Interferon-gamma-induced expression of the T cell-active CXC chemokines IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC in human endothelial cells. J Immunol 164:6503–6508
Marx N, Wöhrle J, Nusser T, Walcher D, Rinker A, Hombach V, Koenig W, Höher M (2005) Pioglitazone reduces neointima volume after coronary stent implantation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in nondiabetic patients. Circulation 112:2792–2798
Nakamura T, Matsuda T, Kawagoe Y, Ogawa H, Takahashi Y, Sekizuka K, Koide H (2004) Effect of pioglitazone on carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients. Metabolism 53:1382–1386
Nathan DM (2006) Thiazolidinediones for initial treatment of type 2 diabetes? N Engl J Med 355:2477–2480
Nishio K, Sakurai M, Kusuyama T, Shigemitsu M, Fukui T, Kawamura K, Itoh S, Konno N, Katagiri T (2006) A randomized comparison of pioglitazone to inhibit restenosis after coronary stenting in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 29:101–106
Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, Libby P, Raichlen JS, Ballantyne CM, Davignon J, Erbel R, Fruchart JC, Tardif JC, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Cain V, Wolski K, Goormastic M, Tuzcu EM (2006) ASTEROID investigators. Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis the: ASTEROID trial. JAMA 295:1556–1565
Pasceri V, Wu HD, Willerson JT, Yeh E (2000) Modulation of vascular inflammation in vitro and in vivo by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-activators. Circulation 101:235–238
Pfutzner A, Marx N, Lubben G, Langenfeld M, Walcher D, Konrad T, Forst T (2005) Improvement of cardiovascular risk markers by pioglitazone is independent from glycemic control: results from the Pioneer study. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1925–1931
Schächinger V, Britten MB, Zeiher AM (2000) Prognostic impact of coronary vasolidator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation 101:1899–1906
Schächinger V, Britten MB, Zeiher AM (2006) Diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease—a high risk combination. Clin Res Cardiol 95(Suppl 1):I/18–I/26
Sourij H, Zweiker R, Wascher TC (2006) Effects of pioglitazone on endothelial function, insulin sensitivity, and glucose control in subjects with coronary artery disease and new-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 29:1039–1045
Takagi T, Yamamuro A, Tamita K, Yamabe K, Katayama M, Mizoguchi S, Ibuki M, Tani T, Tanabe K, Nagai K, Shiratori K, Morioka S, Yoshikawa J (2003) Pioglitazone reduces neointimal tissue proliferation after coronary stent implantation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an intravascular ultrasound scanning study. Am Heart J 146:E5
Walter DH, Rittig K, Bahlmann FH, Kirchmair R, Silver M, Murayama T, Nishimura H, Losordo DW, Asahara T, Isner JM (2002) Statin therapy accelerates reendothelialization: a novel effect involving mobilization and incorporation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. Circulation 105:3017–3024
Werner N, Junk S, Laufs U, Link A, Walenta K, Böhm M, Nickenig G (2003) Intravenous transfusion of endothelial progenitor cells reduces neointima formation after vascular injury. Circ Res 93:e17–e24
Werner C, Kamani CH, Gensch C, Böhm M, Laufs U (2007) The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist pioglitazone increases number and function of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with coronary artery disease and normal glucose tolerance. Diabetes 56:2609–2615
Wöhrle J, Nusser T, Merkle N, Kestler HA, Grebe OC, Marx N, Höher M, Kochs M, Hombach V (2006) Myocardial perfusion reserve in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: correlation to coronary microvascular dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 8:781–787
Yki-Järvinen H (2004) Thiazolidinediones. N Engl J Med 351:1106–1118
Acknowledgments
Supported in part by an unrestricted research grant from Takeda Pharma GmbH, Aachen, Germany.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wöhrle, J., Marx, N., Koenig, W. et al. Impact of pioglitazone on coronary endothelial function in non-diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Res Cardiol 97, 726–733 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-008-0663-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-008-0663-8