Skip to main content
Log in

Leitlinie invasive elektrophysiologische Diagnostik

  • LEITLINIEN
  • Published:
Clinical Research in Cardiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Literatur

  1. Guidelines for clinical intracardiac electrophysiological and catheter ablation procedures: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Clinical Intracardiac Electrophysiologic and Catheter Ablation Procedures): developed in collaboration with the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (1995). Circulation 92:673–691

    Google Scholar 

  2. Akar JG, Kok LC, Haines DE, DiMarco JP, Mounsey JP (2001) Coexistence of type I atrial flutter and intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia in patients with surgically corrected congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:377–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Akhtar M, Jazayeri MR, Sra J, Blanck Z, Deshpande S, Dhala A (1993) Atrioventricular nodal reentry: clinical, electrophysiological, and therapeutic considerations. Circulation 88:282–295

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Andresen D, Steinbeck G, Bruggemann T et al (1999) Risk stratification following myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era: a two-step strategy using noninvasive and invasive methods. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:131–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M et al (2005) Brugada Syndrome: Report of the Second Consensus Conference. Circulation 111:659–670

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB et al (2005) Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 352:225–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Benditt DG, Sakaguchi S, Goldstein MA, Lurie KG, Gornick CC, Adler SW (1995) Sinus node dysfunction: Pathophysiology, clinical features, evaluation, and treatment. In: Zipes DP and Jalife J (eds) Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside. 2nd edn. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1234–1247

  8. Bhandari AK, Shapiro WA, Morady F, Shen EN, Mason J, Scheinman MM (1985) Electrophysiologic testing in patients with the long QT syndrome. Circulation 71:63–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Blanck Z, Dhala A, Deshpande S, Sra J, Jazayeri M, Akhtar M (1993) Bundle branch reentrant ventricular tachycardia: cumulative experience in 48 patients. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 4:253–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Block M, Borggrefe M, Goedel-Meinen L et al (1998) Richtlinien zur Durchführung der invasiven elektrophysiologischen Untersuchung. Z Kardiol 87:502–512 (online: http:// www.dgk.org/leitlinien/Leitlinie ElektrophysiologischeUntersuchungen. pdf)

  11. Blomström-Lundqvist C, Scheinman MM, Aliot EM et al (2003) ACC/ AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias – executive summary. Eur Heart J 24:1857–1897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Brignole M, Alboni P, Benditt DG et al (2004) Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope – Update 2004. Europace 6:467–537

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Brilakis ES, Shen WK, Hammill SC, Hodge DO, Rea RF, Lexvold NY, Friedman PA (2001) Role of programmed ventricular stimulation and implantable cardioverter defibrillators in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and syncope. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 24:1623–1630

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P (2003) Determinants of sudden cardiac death in individuals with the electrocardiographic pattern of Brugada syndrome and no previous cardiac arrest. Circulation 108:3092–3096

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Buxton AE, Lee KL, DiCarlo L et al (2000) Electrophysiologic testing to identify patients with coronary artery disease who are at risk for sudden death. N Engl J Med 342:1937–1945

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Callans DJ, Josephson ME (1995) Ventricular tachycardias in the setting of coronary artery disease. In: Zipes D, Jalife J (eds) Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 732–743

  17. Campbell RW, Smith RA, Gallagher JJ, Pritchett EL, Wallace AG (1977) Atrial fibrillation in the preexcitation syndrome. Am J Cardiol 40:514–520

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Caruso AC, Marcus FI, Hahn EA, Hartz VL, Mason JW (1997) Predictors of arrhythmic death and cardiac arrest in the ESVEM trial. Electrophysiologic Study versus Electromagnetic Monitoring. Circulation 96:1888–1892

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Chandar JS, Wolff GS, Garson A Jr et al (1990) Ventricular arrhythmias in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 65:655–661

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Chen SA, Tai CT, Chiang CE, Ding YA, Chang MS (1998) Focal atrial tachycardia: reanalysis of the clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics and prediction of successful radiofreqeuency ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 9:355–365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Cheng J, Cabeen WR Jr, Scheinman MM (1999) Right atrial flutter due to lower loop reentry: mechanism and anatomic substrates. Circulation 99:1700–1705

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cosio FG, Arribas F, Lopes-Gil M, Gonzalez HD (1996) Atrial flutter mapping and ablation II. Radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter circuits. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 19:965–975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Cossu SF, Steinberg JS (1998) Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias involving the sinus node: clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 41:51–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Das SK, Morady F, DiCarlo L Jr, Baerman J, Krol R, De Buitleir M, Crevey B (1986) Prognostic usefulness of programmed ventricular stimulation in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy without symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 58:998–1000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Dhingra RC, Palileo E, Strasberg B., Swiryn S, Bauerfeind RA, Wyndham CR, Rosen KM (1981) Significance of the HV interval in 517 patients with chronic bifascicular block. Circulation 64:1265–1271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Dreifus LS, Fisch C, Griffin JC, Gillette PC, Mason JW, Parsonnet V (1991) Guidelines for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures (Committee on Pacemaker Implantation). Circulation 84:455–467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Eckardt L, Kirchhof P, Loh P et al (2001) Brugada syndrome and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: a novel association? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 12:680–685

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Eckardt L, Kirchhof P, Schulze-Bahr E et al (2002) Electrophysiologic investigation in Brugada syndrome; yield of programmed ventricular stimulation at two ventricular sites with up to three premature beats. Eur Heart J 23:1394–1401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Eckardt L, Probst V, Smits JP et al (2005) Long-term prognosis of individuals with right precordial ST-segment- elevation Brugada syndrome. Circulation 111:257–263

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fananapazir L, Epstein SE (1989) VT and sudden death in HCM patients. Circulation 80:1923

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Fananapazir L, Chang AC, Epstein SE, McAreavey D (1992) Prognostic determinants in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Prospective evaluation of a therapeutiv strategy based on clinical, Holter, hemodynamic, and electrophysiological findings. Circulation 86:730–740

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gaita F, Giustetto C, Bianchi F et al (2003) Short QT Syndrome: a familial cause of sudden death. Circulation 108:965–970

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Gann D, Tolentino A, Samet P (1979) Electrophysiologic evaluation of elderly patients with sinus bradycardia: a long-term follow-up study. Ann Intern Med 90:24–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gatzoulis MA, Balaji S, Webber SA et al (2000) Risk factors for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a multicentre study. Lancet 356:975–981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gietzen FH, Leuner CJ, Raute-Kreinsen U, Dellmann A, Hegselmann J, Strunk-Mueller C, Kuhn HJ (1999) Acute and long-term results after transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy (TASH). Catheter interventional treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 20:1342–1354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gomes JA, Hariman RI, Chowdry IA (1984) New application of direct sinus node recordings in man: assessment of sinus node recovery time. Circulation 70:663–671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Griffith MJ, Garratt CJ, Ward DE, Camm AJ (1989) The effects of adenosine on sinus node reentrant tachycardia. Clin Cardiol 12:409–411

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Grimm W, Hoffmann J, Menz V, Luck K, Maisch B (1998) Programmed ventricular stimulation for arrhythmia risk predicition in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:739–745

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gussak I, Brugada P, Brugada J, Wright RS, Kopecky SL, Chaitman BR, Bjerregaard P (2000) Idiopathic short QT interval: a new clinical syndrome? Cardiology 94:99–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hainsworth R (1999) Syncope and fainting: classification and pathophysiologic basis. In: Mathias CJ, Banister R (eds) Autonomic Failure. A textbook of clinical disorders of the autonomic nervous system. Oxford University Press, Oxford 428–436

  41. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC et al (1998) Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 339:659–666

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hamdan MH, Dorostkar P, Scheinman M (2000) Junctional tachycardia and junctional rhythm. In: Zipes D, Jalife J (eds). Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 482–488

    Google Scholar 

  43. Hocini M, Sanders P, Deisenhofer I et al (2003) Reverse remodeling of sinus node function after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with prolonged sinus pauses, Circulation 108:1172–1175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hsieh MH, Chen SA (2002) Catheter ablation of focal AT. In: Zipes DP, Haissaguerre M (eds) Catheter ablation of arrhythmias. Futura Publishing Co., Armonk, NY, 185–204

  45. Hummel JD, Strickberger SA, Daoud E et al (1994) Results and efficiency of programmed ventricular stimulation with four extrastimuli compared with one, two and three extrastimuli. Circulation 90:2827–2832

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Jung W, Andresen D, Block M, Böcker D, Hohnloser SH, Kuck K-H, Sperzel J (2006) Leitlinie zur Implantation von Defibrillatoren. Clin Res Cardiol 95:696–708

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kaul U, Dev V, Narula J, Malhotra A, Talwar KK, Bhatia ML (1988) Evaluation of patients with bundle branch block and „unexplained“ syncope: a study based on comprehensive electrophysiologic testing and ajmaline stress. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 11:289–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, Mathewson FA, Cuddy TE (1992) The natural history of electrocardiographic preexcitation in men. The Manitoba Follow-up Study. Ann Intern Med 116:456–460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Krahn AD, Yee R, Klein GJ, Morillo C (1995) Inappropriate sinus tachycardia: evaluation and therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 6:1124–1128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kuck KH, Kunze KP, Schluter M, Nienaber CA, Costard A (1988) Porgrammed electrical stimulation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Results in patients with and without cardiac arrest syncope. Eur Heart J 9:177–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kuck KH, Cappato R, Siebels J, Ruppel R (2000) Randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest: the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH). Circulation 102:748–754

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kuck KH et al Leitlinie zur Katheterablation der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie (im Druck)

  53. Leclercq JF, Potenza S, Maison- Blanche P, Chastang C, Coumel P (1996) Determinants of spontaneous occurrence of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in right ventricular dysplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol 28:720–724

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Leitch JW, Klein GJ, Yee R, Murdock C (1990) Prognostic value of electrophysiology testing in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinsone-White pattern. Circulation 82:1718–1723

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lemke B, Rybak K, Wiegand U (2003) Stellungnahme zu den Leitlinien zur Herzschrittmachertherapie. Z Kardiol 92:200–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Lempert T, Bauer M, Schmidt D (1994) Syncope: a videometric analysis of 56 episodes of transient cerebral hypoxia. Ann Neurol 36:233–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Lerman BB, Stein KM, Markowitz SM, Mittal S, Slotwiner DJ (2000) Ventricular tachycardia in structurally normal hearts. In: Zipes D, Jalife J (eds) Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside. Cardiac Electrophysiology II, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1215–1247

  58. Linzer M, Yang EH, Estes NA, Wang P, Vorperian VR, Kapoor WN (1997) Diagnosing syncope. Part II: Unexplained syncope. Ann Intern Med 127:76–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Mangrum JM, DiMarco JP (2000) The evaluation and management of bradycardia. N Engl J Med 342:703– 709

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Marcus FI, Fontaine GH, Guiraudon G, Frank R, Laurenceau JL, Malergue C, Grosgogeat Y (1982) Right ventricular dysplasia: a report of 24 adult cases. Circulation 65:384–398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS et al (2000) Efficacy of implantable cardioverter- defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. New Engl J Med 342:365–373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. McAnulty JH, Rahimtoola SH, Murphy E, DeMots H, Ritzmann L, Kanarek PE, Kauffman S (1982) Natural history „high-risk“ bundle-branch block: final report of a prospective study. N Engl J Med 307:137–143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Meinertz T, Treese N, Kaspar W et al (1985) Determinants of prognosis in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy as determined by programmed electrical stimulation. Am J Cardiol 56:337–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Miller JM, Hsia HH, Rothman SA, Buxton AE (2000) Ventricular tachycardia versus supraventricular tachycardia with aberration: electrocardiographic distinctions. In: Zipes D, Jalife J (eds) Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside. Cardiac Electrophysiology II, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 696–705

  65. Morillo CA, Klein GJ, Thakur RK, Li H, Zardini M, Yee R (1994) Mechanism of ‘inappropriate’ sinus tachycardia: role of sympathovagal balance. Circulation 90:873–877

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Morita H, Kusano-Fukushima K, Nagase S et al (2002) Atrial fibrillation and atrial vulnerability in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1437–1444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS et al (1996) Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 335:1933–1940

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ et al (2002) Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patiens with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 346:877–883

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Murdock CJ, Leitch JW, Teo WS, Sharma AD, Yee R, Klein GJ (1991) Characteristics of accessory pathways exhibiting decremental conduction. Am J Cardiol 67:506–510

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Narula OS (1974) Sinus node re-entry: a mechanism for supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation 50:1114–1128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Narula O, Samet P, Javier RP (1972) Significance of the sinus-node recovery time. Circulation 45:140–158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Narula OS, Shantha N, Vasquez M, Towne WD, Linhart JW (1978) A new method for measurement of sinoatrial conduction time. Circulation 58:706–714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Niroomand F, Carbucicchio C, Tondo C et al (2002) Electrophysiological characteristics and outcome in patients with idiopathic right ventricular arrhythmia compared with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Heart 87:41–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Paul M, Gerss J, Schulze-Bahr E, Wichter T et al (2007) Role of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients with Brugada syndrome: a meta-analysis of worldwide published data.Eur Heart J, im Druck.

  75. Peters S (1995) Left ventricular impairment in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: what we can learn from angiography. Cardiology 86:473–476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Petersen ED, Shaw LJ, Califf RM (1997) Risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 126:561–582

    Google Scholar 

  77. Priori SG, Napolitano C, Gasparini M et al (2000) Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of right bundle branch block and ST-segment elevation syndrome: A prospective evaluation of 52 families. Circulation 102:2509–2515

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Priori SG, Napolitano C, Gasparini M et al (2002) Natural history of Brugada syndrome: insights for risk stratification and management. Circulation 105:1342–1347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Ruder MA, Davis JC, Eldar M, Abbott JA, Griffin JC, Seger JJ, Scheinman MM (1986) Clinical and electrophysiologic characterization of automatic junctional tachycardia in adults. Circulation 73:930–937

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Saoudi N, Cosio F, Waldo A et al (2001) A classification of atrial flutter and regular atrial tachycardia according to electrophysiological mechanisms and anatomical bases: a Statement from a Joint Expert Group from the Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J 22:1162–1182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Saumarez RC, Chojnowska L, Derksen R et al (2003) Sudden death in noncoronary heart disease is associated with delayed paced ventricular activation. Circulation 107:2595–2600

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Scheinman MM, Peters RW, Suave MJ et al (1982) Value of the H-Q interval in patients with bundle branch block and the role of prophylactic permanent pacing. Am J Cardiol 50:1316– 1322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Seidl K, Schuchert A, Tebbenjohanns J, Hartung W (2005) Kommentar zu den Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Therapie von Synkopen – der europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie 2001 und dem Update 2004. Z Kardiol 94:287–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Silka MJ, Hardy BG, Menashe VD, Morris CD (1998) A populationbased prospective evaluation of risk of sudden cardiac death after operation for common congenital heart defects. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:245–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Sorbo MD, Buja GF, Miorelli M et al (1995) The prevalence of the Wolff- Parkinson-White syndrome in a population of 116 542 young males. G Ital Cardiol 25:681–687

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Spirito P, Seidman CE, McKenna WJ, Maron BJ (1997) The management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. New Engl J Med 336:775–785

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Strasberg B, Amat-Y-Leon F, Dhingra RC et al (1981) Natural history of chronic second-degree atrioventricular nodal block. Circulation 63:1043–1049

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Strauss HC, Saroff AL, Bigger JT Jr, Giardina EG (1973) Premature atrial stimulation as a key to the understanding of sinoatrial conduction in man: presentation of data and critical review of the literature. Circulation 47:86–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Strauss HC, Bigger JT, Saroff AL, Giardina EG (1976) Electrophysiologic evaluation of sinus node function in patients with sinus node dysfunction. Circulation 53:763–776

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Sung RJ, Waxman HL, Saksena S, Juma Z (1981) Sequence of retrograde atrial activation in patients with dual atrioventricular nodal pathways. Circulation 64:1059–1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Tang CW, Scheinman MM, Van Hare GF, Epstein LM, Fitzpatrick AP, Lee RJ, Lesh MD (1995) Use of P wave configuration during atrial tachycardia to predict site of origin. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:1315–1324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Timmermans C, Smeets JL, Rodriguez LM, Vrouchos G, van den Dool A, Wellens HJ (1995) Aborted sudden death in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am J Cardiol 76:492–494

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Todd DM, Klein GJ, Krahn AD, Skanes AC, Yee R (2003) Asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: is it time to revisit guidelines? J Am Coll Cardiol 41:245–248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Tracy CM, Akhtar M, DiMarco JP et al (2000) American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Clinical Competence Statement on invasive electrophysiology studies, catheter ablation, and cardioversion. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/ American College of Physicans- American Society of Internal Medicine Task Force on Clinical Competence. Circulation 102:2309–2320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Twidale N, Heddle WF, Tonkin AM (1988) Procainamide administration during electrophysiologic study – utility as a provocative test for intermittent atrioventricular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 11:1388–1397

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Wellens HJJ, Brugada P, Stevenson WG (1986) Programmed electrical stimulation: its role in the management of ventricular arrhythmias in coronary heart disease. Progr Cardiovasc Dis 29:165–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Wellens HJ, Doevendans P, Smeets J Rodriguez LM, Dulk KD, Timmermans C, Vos M (1997) Arrhythmia risk: electrophysiological studies and monophasic action potentials. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 20:2560–2565

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M et al (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 114:e385–e484

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stephan Willems.

Additional information

Herausgegeben vom Vorstand der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie – Herz- und Kreislaufforschung e.V. Bearbeitet im Auftrag der Kommission für Klinische Kardiologie M. Borggrefe, M. Böhm, J. Brachmann, H.-R. Figulla, G. Hasenfuß, A. Osterspey, K. Rybak, S. Silber, U. Sechtem außerdem H.M. Hoffmeister

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Willems, S., Eckardt, L., Hoffmann, E. et al. Leitlinie invasive elektrophysiologische Diagnostik. Clin Res Cardiol 96, 634–651 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-007-0572-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-007-0572-2

Navigation