Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Surgical techniques for esophageal replacement in children

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Pediatric Surgery International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Surgical techniques for esophageal replacement (ER) in children include colon interposition, gastric tube, gastric transposition, and jejunal interposition. This review evaluates the merits and demerits of each.

Method

Surgical techniques, complications, and outcome of ER are reviewed over last seven decades.

Results

Colon interposition is the time-tested procedure with minimal and less serious complications. Long-term complications include reflux, halitosis, colonic segment dilatation, and anastomotic stricture, sometimes requiring surgical interventions especially for dilatation and reflux. Gastric tube is technically more risky, and associated with early serious complications like prolonged leak in neck or mediastinum, graft necrosis, and ischemia leading to stricture of the tube. Long-term results are good. Gastric transposition is much simpler, can be performed in emergency and in newborns. It involves a single anastomosis in the neck. Post-operative complications include gastric stasis, bile reflux, restricted growth, and decreased pulmonary functional capacity. Jejunal interposition has not been used extensively due to short mesentery but long-term results are good in expert hands.

Conclusion

Colon is the most preferred and safest organ for ER. Stomach is a vascular and muscular organ with lower risk of ischemia. Gastric tube is a demanding technique. Jejunum or ileum is alternative for redo cases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Sherman CD, Waterston DJ (1957) Esophageal reconstruction in children using colon. Arch Dis Child 32:11

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Koop CE, Roddy SR (1958) Colonic replacement of distal esophagus and proximal stomach in the management of bleeding varices in children. Ann Surg 147:17–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Hess W (1959) Esophagoplasty by the use of the right half of the colon for the replacement of the completely stenotic esophagus in children. Chirurg 30:317–320

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Longino LA, Woolley MM, Gross RE (1959) Esophageal replacement in infants and children with use of a segment of colon. J Am Med Assoc 171:1187–1192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Sanders GB (1962) Esophageal replacement with reversed gastric tube. Utilization for bleeding esophageal varices in a 4-year-old child. JAMA 15(181):944–947

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hopkins WA, Zwiren GT (1963) Colon replacement of the esophagus in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 46:346–358

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Perry JF, Root HD, Miller FA, Varco RL (1963) Total removal of the intrathoracic esophagus and antethoracic jejunal esophageal replacement for treatment of esophageal varices due to extrahepatic portal block. Ann Surg 158:126–128

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Pellett JR (1964) Colon interposition for esophageal bypass or replacement. Indications, limitations, and complications. Arch Surg 89:169–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Othersen HB Jr, Clatworthy HW Jr (1967) Functional evaluation of esophageal replacement in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 53:55–63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sieber AM, Sieber WK (1968) Colon transplants as esophageal replacement: cineradiographic and manometric evaluation in children. Ann Surg 168:116–122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Fojtík F, Hledík E (1968) Contribution to the replacement of the esophagus in children. Rozhl Chir 47:610–614

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Noordijk JA, Vervat D (1969) Replacement of the esophagus in children. Maandschr Kindergeneeskd 36:397–401

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Louhimo I, Pasila M, Visakorpi JK (1969) Late gastrointestinal complications in patients with colonic replacement of the esophagus. J Pediatr Surg 4:663–673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ferguson CC (1970) Replacement of the esophagus by colon in infants and children. Can J Surg 13:396–402

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Azar H, Chrispin AR, Waterston DJ (1971) Esophageal replacement with transverse colon in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 6:3–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Schiller M, Frye TR, Boles ET Jr (1971) Evaluation of colonic replacement of the esophagus in children. J Pediatr Surg 6:753–760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Blanchard H, Roy CC, Perreault G, Collin PP, Desjardins JG, Laperrière D, Soucisse L (1972) Retrosternal esophageal replacement in 18 children. Can J Surg 15:137–145

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Manny J, Floman Y, Schiller M (1972) Colonic replacement of the esophagus in a child. Harefuah. 15(83):335–337

    Google Scholar 

  19. Martin LW (1972) The use of colon for oesophageal replacement in children. Aust N Z J Surg 42:160–163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Solowiejczyk M, Koren E (1972) Colonic replacement for esophageal atresia. Int Surg 57:914–917

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wolfstein I, Avigad I, Shafir R, Tulcinsky DB (1972) Esophageal replacement by colonic segment in children. Harefuah 83:475–477

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. German JC, Waterston DJ (1976) Colon interposition for the replacement of the esophagus in children. J Pediatr Surg 11:227–234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gallo G, Zwaveling S, Groen H, Van der Zee D, Hulscher J (2012) Long-gap esophageal atresia: a meta-analysis of jejunal interposition, colon interposition, and gastric pull-up. Eur J Pediatr Surg 22:420–425

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Dave S, Gupta DK (2000) Esophageal replacement. In: Gupta DK (ed) Textbook of Neonatal Surgery, Chap 55. MBD Publishers, New Delhi, pp 349–355

    Google Scholar 

  25. Gallo G, Zwaveling S, Van der Zee DC, Bax KN, de Langen ZJ, Hulscher JB (2015) A two-center comparative study of gastric pull-up and jejunal interposition for long gap esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 50:535–539

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Aprodu SG, Gavrilescu S, Savu B et al (2004) Indications for esophageal replacement in children. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 108:805–808

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Panieri E, Rode H, Millar AJ, Cywes S (1998) Oesophageal replacement in the management of corrosive strictures: when is surgery indicated? Pediatr Surg Int 13:336–340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Siman J, Janec M, Pekarovic E, Macek M, Geryk B (1976) Replacement of the aboral esophagus using the large intestine in the treatment of esophageal varices in children. Rozhl Chir 55:686–690

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gupta S (1996) Surgical management of corrosive strictures following acid burns of upper gastrointestinal tract. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 10:934–940

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Demiroayullari B, Sanmez K, Tarkyilmaz Z et al (2001) Colon interposition for esophageal stenosis in a patient with epidermolysis bullosa. J Pediatr Surg 36:1861–1863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Feurle GE, Weidauer H, Baldauf G, Schulte-Braucks T, Anton-Lamprecht I (1984) Management of esophageal stenosis in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Gastroenterology 87:1376–1380

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Orringer MB, Kirsh MM, Sloan H (1977) New trends in esophageal replacement for benign disease. Ann Thorac Surg 23:409–416

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Loveland JA, Mitchell CE, van Wyk P, Beale P (2010) Esophegeal replacement in children with AIDS. J Pediatr Surg 45:2068–2070

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kneist W, Sultanov F, Eckardt VF, Junginger T (2002) Esophageal resection in treatment of achalasia. 4 case reports and review of the literature. Chirurg 73:223–229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. ul-Haq A, Tareen F, Bader I et al (2006) Oesophageal replacement in children with indolent stricture of the oesophagus. Asian J Surg 29:17–21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Neville WE, Najem AZ (1983) Colon replacement of the esophagus for congenital and benign disease. Ann Thorac Surg 36:626–633

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Gupta DK, Sharma Shilpa (2008) Esophageal replacement with colon In: Gupta DK (ed) Pediatric surgery diagnosis and management, Chap 32. Pub. Jaypee, pp 382–390

  38. Ngan SY, Wong J (1986) Lengths of different routes for esophageal replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 91:790–792

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Chen H, Lu JJ, Zhou J, Zhou X, Luo X, Liu Q, Tam J (2009) Anterior versus posterior routes of reconstruction after esophagectomy: a comparative anatomic study. Ann Thorac Surg 87:400–404

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hu H, Ye T, Tan D, Li H, Chen H (2011) Is anterior mediastinum route a shorter choice for esophageal reconstruction? A comparative anatomic study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 40:1466–1469

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Dickson JAS (1996) Esophageal substitution with colon—the Waterston operation. Pediatr Surg Int 11:224–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Tannuri U, Maksoud-Filho JG, Tannuri AC et al (2007) Which is better for esophageal substitution in children, esophagocoloplasty or gastric transposition? A 27-year experience of a single center. J Pediatr Surg 42:500–504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. West KW, Vave DW, Grosfeld JL (1986) Esophageal replacement in children: experience with 31 cases. Surgery 100:751–757

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Cheng BC, Chang S, Huang J, Mao ZF, Wang ZW, Lu SQ, Wang TS, Wu XJ, Hu H, Xia J, Kang GJ, Xiao YG, Lin HQ (2006) Surgical anatomy of the colic vessels in Chinese and its influence on the operation of esophageal replacement with colon. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 86:1453–1456

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Xia J, Peng Y, Huang J, Cheng BC, Wang ZW (2009) Prevention and treatment of anastomotic leakage and intestinal ischemia after esophageal replacement with colon. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 12:17–19

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Cheng BC (1989) Clinical study of colic vessels with respect to their significance in the replacement of the esophagus by the colon. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 27(566–8):575–576

    Google Scholar 

  47. AbouZeid AA, Zaki AM, Safoury HS (2016) Posterior cologastric anastomosis: an effective antireflux mechanism in colonic replacement of the esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg 101:266–273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lobeck I, Dupree P, Stoops M et al (2016) Interdisciplinary approach to esophageal replacement and major airway reconstruction. J Pediatr Surg 51(7):1106–1109. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.01.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Chávez-Aguilar AH, Silva-Báez H, Sánchez-Rodríguez YB, Esparza-Ponce C, Zatarain-Ontiveros MÁ, Barrera de León JC (2015) Early complications with colon esophageal substitution for children via retrosternal. Gac Med Mex 151:323–328

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bassiouny IE, Al-Ramadan SA, Al-Nady A (2002) Long-term functional results of transhiatal esophagectomy and colonic interposition for caustic oesophageal stricture. Eur J Pediatr Surg 12:243–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hadidi AT (2006) A technique to improve vascularity in colon replacement of the esophagus. Eur J Pediatr Surg 16:39–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Lynn HB (1973) Simple method of elongating a colonic segment for esophageal replacement. J Pediatr Surg 8:391–394

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Esteves E, Sousa-Filho HB, Watanabe S, Silva JF, Neto EC, da Costa AL (2010) Laparoscopically assisted esophagectomy and colon interposition for esophageal replacement in children: preliminary results of a novel technique. J Pediatr Surg 45:1053–1060

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Han MT (1991) Ileocolic replacement of esophagus in children with esophageal stricture. J Pediatr Surg 26:755–757

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Touloukian RJ, Tellides G (1994) Retrosternal ileocolic esophageal replacement in children revisited. Antireflux role of the ileocecal valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107:1067–1072

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kennedy AP, Cameron BH, McGill CW (1995) Colon patch esophagoplasty for caustic esophageal stricture. J Pediatr Surg 30:1242–1245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Raboei EH, Luoma R (2008) Colon patch esophagoplasty: an alternative to total esophagus replacement? Eur J Pediatr Surg 18:230–232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ergün O, Celik A, Mutaf O (2004) Two-stage coloesophagoplasty in children with caustic burns of the esophagus: hemodynamic basis of delayed cervical anastomosis—theory and fact. J Pediatr Surg 39:545–548

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Chen HC, Tang YB (2000) Microsurgical reconstruction of the esophagus. Semin Surg Oncol. 19:235–245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hernández F, Rivas S, Avila LF, Luis AL, Martínez L, Lassaletta L, Murcia FJ, Tovar JA (2003) Early esophageal replacement in patients with esophageal atresia. Cir Pediatr 16:112–115

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Saldaña-Cortés JA, Larios-Arceo F, Prieto-Díaz-Chávez E, De Buen EP, González-Mercado S, Alvarez-Villaseñor AS, Prieto-Aldape MR, Fuentes-Orozco C, González-Ojeda A (2009) Role of fibrin glue in the prevention of cervical leakage and strictures after esophageal reconstruction of caustic injury. World J Surg 33:986–993

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Raffensperger JG, Luck SR, Reynolds M et al (1996) Intestinal bypass of the esophagus. J Pediatr Surg 31:38–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Avila LF, Luis AL, Encinas JL, Andrés AM, Suárez O, Martínez L, Fernández A, Queizán A, Murcia J, Olivares P, Lassaletta L, Tovar JA (2006) Esophageal replacement. 12 years experience. Cir Pediatr 19:217–222

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Debras B, Kanane O, Enon B, Robert M (1996) Aorto-colonic fistula as a late complication of colon interposition for oesophageal atresia. Eur J Pediatr Surg 6:310–311

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Glasser JG, Reddy PP, Adkins ES (2006) Treatment of colon conduit redundancy in a child with esophageal atresia. Am Surg 72:260–264

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Shokrollahi K, Barham P, Blazeby JM, Alderson D (2002) Surgical revision of dysfunctional colonic interposition after esophagoplasty. Ann Thorac Surg 74:1708–1711

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Lindahl H, Louhimo I, Virkola K (1983) Colon interposition or gastric tube? Follow-up study of colon-esophagus and gastric tube-esophagus patients. J Pediatr Surg 18:5863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Hamza AF, Abdelhay S, Sherif H et al (2003) Caustic esophageal strictures in children: 30 years’ experience. J Pediatr Surg 38:828–833

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Heiss K, Wesson D, Bohn D, Smith C, Wiseman N (1991) Respiratory failure due to retained esophagus: a complication of esophageal replacement. J Pediatr Surg 26:1359–1361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Abdalwahab A, Al Namshan M, Al Rabeeah A, Laberge JM (2009) Delayed fistulization from esophageal replacement surgery. Semin Pediatr Surg 18:104–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Burgos L, Martínez L, Suárez O, Andrés AM, Luis AL, Encinas JL, Hernández F, Murcia J, Olivares P, Queizán A, Lassaletta L, Tovar JA (2007) Pediatric patient in adult age. Long-terms results of esophageal replacement. Cir Pediatr 20:169–174

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Dunn JC, Fonkalsrud EW, Applebaum H, Shaw WW, Atkinson JB (1999) Reoperation after esophageal replacement in childhood. J Pediatr Surg 34:1630–1632

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Andres AM, Burgos AL, Encinas JL, Suárez O, Murcia J, Olivares P, Martínez L, Lassaletta L, Tovar JA (2007) What can we do when a esophagocoloplasty fails? Cir Pediatr 20:39–43

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hartin CW Jr, Escobar MA, Yamout SZ, Caty MG (2008) Stapled tapering coloplasty to manage colon interposition graft redundancy for long-gap esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 43:2311–2314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Strauss DC, Forshaw MJ, Tandon RC, Mason RC (2008) Surgical management of colonic redundancy following esophageal replacement. Dis Esophagus 21:E1–E5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Guzzetta PC, Randolph JG (1986) Antireflux cologastric anastomosis following colonic interposition for esophageal replacement. J Pediatr Surg 21:1137–1138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Prabhu R, Kantharia C, Bapat R, Shukla A, Bhatia S, Supe A (2013) Morphological and functional changes in colon after coloplasty for management of corrosive esophageal strictures. Indian J Gastroenterol 32:165–171

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Mitchell IM, Goh DW, Roberts KD et al (1989) Colon interposition in children. Br J Surg 76:681–686

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Stone MM,  Fonkalsrud EW, Mahour GH et al (1986) Esophageal replacement with colon interposition in children. Ann Surg 203:346–351

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Coopman S, Michaud L, Halna-Tamine M, Bonnevalle M, Bourgois B, Turck D, Gottrand F (2008) Long-term outcome of colon interposition after esophagectomy in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 47:458–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Elshafei H, Elshafei E, ElDebeiky M, Hegazy N, Zaki A, Abdel Hay S (2012) Colonic conduit for esophageal replacement: long-term endoscopic and histopathologic changes in colonic mucosa. J Pediatr Surg. 47:1658–1661

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Lima M, Destro F, Cantone N, Maffi M, Ruggeri G, Dòmini R (2015) Long-term follow-up after esophageal replacement in children: 45-year single-center experience. J Pediatr Surg 50:1457–1461

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Burgos L, Barrena S, Andrés AM, Martínez L, Hernández F, Olivares P, Lassaletta L, Tovar JA (2010) Colonic interposition for esophageal replacement in children remains a good choice: 33-year median follow-up of 65 patients. J Pediatr Surg 45:341–345

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Burrington JD, Stephens CA (1968) Esophageal replacement with a gastric tube in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 3:24–52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Anderson KD, Randolph JG (1973) The gastric tube for esophageal replacement in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 66:333–342

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Ein SH, Shandling B, Simpson JS, Stephens CA (1973) A further look at the gastric tube as an esophageal replacement in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 8:859–868

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Ionescu GO (2008) Gastric tube esophageal replacement. In: Gupta DK (ed) Pediatric surgery diagnosis and management, Chap 33. Pub. Jaypee, pp 391–408

  88. Barbera L, Kemen M, Wegener M et al (1994) Effect of site and width of the stomach tube after esophageal resection on gastric emptying. Zentralbl Chir 119:240–244

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Schettini ST, Ganc A, Saba L (1998) Esophageal carcinoma secondary to a chemical injury in a child. Pediatr Surg Int 13:519–520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kamath MV, Ellison RG, Rubin JW et al (1987) Esophageal mucocelle: a complication of blind loop esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg 43:263–269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Schettini ST, Pinus J (1994) Gastric-tube esophagoplasty in children. Pediatr Surg Int 14:144–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Tanaka K, Kurobe M, Kanai M, Yoshizawa J, Yamazaki Y (2004) Esophageal replacement using a reversed gastric tube for lye stricture in a child: report of a case. Surg Today 34:868–870

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Lindecken KD, Kunath U, Janson R (1981) Esophageal replacement by an isoperistaltic gastric tube. Langenbecks Arch Chir 354:265–271

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Borgnon J, Tounian P, Auber F et al (2004) Esophageal replacement in children by an isoperistaltic gastric tube: a 12-year experience. Pediatr Surg Int 20:829–833

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Ein SH, Shandling B, Simpson JS, Stephens CA, Vizas D (1978) Fourteen years of gastric tubes. J Pediatr Surg 13:638–642

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Ein SH, Shandling B, Stephens CA (1987) Twenty-one year experience with the pediatric gastric tube. J Pediatr Surg 22:77–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Stringer DA, Pablot SM (1985) Broncho-gastric tube fistula as a complication of esophageal replacement. J Can Assoc Radiol 36:61–62

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Goon HK, Cohen DH, Middleton AW (1985) Gastric tube esophagoplasty—a long-term assessment. Z Kinderchir 40:21–25

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Anderson KD, Randolph JG (1978) Gastric tube interposition: a satisfactory alternative to the colon for esophageal replacement in children. Ann Thorac Surg 25:521–525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Ein SH (1998) Gastric tubes in children with caustic esophageal injury: a 32-year review. J Pediatr Surg 33:1363–1365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Gupta L, Bhatnagar V, Gupta AK, Kumar R (2011) Long-term follow-up of patients with esophageal replacement by reversed gastric tube. Eur J Pediatr Surg 21:88–93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Lee HQ, Hawley A, Doak J, Nightingale MG, Hutson JM (2014) Long-gap oesophageal atresia: comparison of delayed primary anastomosis and oesophageal replacement with gastric tube. J Pediatr Surg 49:1762–1766

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Anderson KD (1986) Gastric tube esophagoplasty. Prog Pediatr Surg 19:55–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Ashburn JH, Meyers MO, Phillips JD (2011) Surgical treatment of esophagogastric dysfunction 40 years after reverse gastric tube esophagoplasty for congenital esophageal anomaly. J Pediatr Surg 46:399–401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Gavrilescu S, Hanganu E, Sarbu I, Aprodu SG (2013) Quality of life of patients with esophageal replacement for congenital and acquired esophageal anomalies. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 117:334–336

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Gounot E, Borgnon J, Huet F, Sapin E (2006) Isolated isoperistaltic gastric tube interposition for esophageal replacement in children. J Pediatr Surg 2006(41):592–595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Dessanti A, Di Benedetto V, Iannuccelli M, Sanna-Passino E, Mura L, Dessanti G, Careddu GM, Manunta ML, Cossu-Rocca P, Sanna E (2005) Substitution of thoracic oesophagus by interposition of a pedicled gastric tube, preserving LES function: clinical and histological follow-up. Pediatr Surg Int 21:705–710

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Ring WS, Varco RL, L’Heureux PR, Foker JE (1982) Esophageal replacement with jejunum in children: an 18–33 year follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 83:918–927

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Hashizume K, Dessanti A (2008) Jejunal interposition as a substitute of esophagus. In: Gupta DK (ed) Pediatric surgery diagnosis and management, Chapter 35. Pub. Jaypee, pp 422–425

  110. Dave KS, Wooler GH, Holden MP, Bekassy SM, Ionescu MI (1972) Esophageal replacement with jejunum for nonmalignant lesions: 26 years’ experience. Surgery 72:466–473

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Prévot J, Lepelley M, Schmitt M (1985) Small bowel esophagoplasty with vascular microanastomoses in the neck for treatment of esophageal burns in childhood. Prog Pediatr Surg 18:108–117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Keller RJ, Sicular A (1989) Jejunal interposition. Gastrointest Radiol 14:9–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Saeki M, Tsuchida Y, Ogata T, Nakano M, Akiyama H (1988) Long-term results of jejunal replacement of the esophagus. J Pediatr Surg 23:483–489

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Foker JE, Ring SA, Varco RL (1982) Technique of jejunal interposition for esophageal replacement. J Thorc Cardiovasc Surg 83:928–933

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Wright C, Cuschieri A (1987) Jejunal interposition for benign esophageal disease: technical considerations and long-term results. Ann Surg 205:54–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Pasch AR, Putnam T (1985) Jejunal interposition for recurrent gastroesophageal reflux in children. Am J Surg 150:248–251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Nishihira T, Oe H, Sugawara K et al (1995) Esophageal reconstruction: reconstruction of the thoracic esophagus with jejunal pedicled segments for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Dis Esophagus 8:30–39

    Google Scholar 

  118. Cusick EL, Batchelor AA, Spicer AD (1993) Development of a technique for jejunal interposition in long-gap esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 28:990–994

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Altorjay A, Pászti I, Kiss J, Tasnádi G (1999) Gastrojejunal interposition for esophageal replacement. Pediatr Surg Int 15:132–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Oesch I, Helikson MA, Shermeta DW, Hutchins GM, Haller JA Jr (1980) Esophageal reconstruction with free jejunal grafts: an experimental study. J Pediatr Surg 15:433–436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Halsband H (1985) Esophageal replacement in long stretch atresias by free transplanted small intestine mucosa. Langenbecks Arch Chir 366:178–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Koivusalo AI, Pakarinen MP, Rintala RJ (2013) Modern outcomes of oesophageal atresia: single centre experience over the last 20 years. J Pediatr Surg 48:297–303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Ho AC, Yeo MS, Ciudad P, Chen HC (2014) 2-Stage free and pedicle jejunum for esophageal replacement after failed colon interposition for caustic injury in a 5 year-old child. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 67:417–419

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Ichijo C, Okazaki T, Oshita M, Yanai T, Lane GJ, Yamataka A (2007) Retrosternal revision of jejunum interposed in the anterior sternal space for the treatment of esophageal atresia. Pediatr Surg Int 23:1027–1028

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Spitz L (1984) Gastric transposition via the mediastinal route for infants with long gap esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 19:149–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Spitz L, Kelly E, Sparnon T (1987) Gastric transposition for esophageal replacement in children. Ann Surg 206:69–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Spitz L (1992) Gastric transposition for esophageal substitution in children. J Pediatr Surg 27:252–259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Spitz L (1996) Gastric transposition for esophageal replacement. Pediatric Surg Int 11:218–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Spitz L, Ruangtrakool R (1998) Esophageal substitution. Semin Pediatr Surg 7:130–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Spitz L, Kiely E, Pierro A (2004) Gastric transposition in children—a 21-year experience. J Pediatr Surg 39:276–281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Gupta DK, Kataria R, Bajpai M (1997) Gastric transposition for esophageal replacement in children—an Indian experience. Eur J Pediatr Surg 7:143–146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Gupta DK (2000) Gastric transposition in neonates. In: Gupta DK (ed) Textbook of Neonatal Surgery, Chap 56. MBD Publishers, New Delhi, pp 356–360

    Google Scholar 

  133. Gupta DK, Srinivas M, Agarwala S, Dave S, Arora MK, Gupta AK, Bal CS (2003) Neonatal gastric pull up: reality or myth? Pediatr Surg Int 19:100–103

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Gupta DK, Charles AR, Srinivas M (2004) Manometric evaluation of the intrathoracic stomach after gastric transposition in children. Pediatr Surg Int 20:415–418

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Gupta DK, Sharma S, Arora MK, Agarwal G, Gupta M, Grover VP (2007) Esophageal replacement in the neonatal period in infants with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 42:1471–1477

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Gupta DK, Sharma S (2011) Primary gastric pull up in pure esophageal atresia: technique, feasibility and outcome. A prospective observational study. Pediatric Surg Int 27:583-585. doi:10.1007/s00383-010-2835-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Jain V, Sharma S, Kumar R, Kabra SK, Bhatia V, Gupta DK (2012) Transposed intrathoracic stomach: functional evaluation. Afr J Paediatr Surg 9:210–216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Gupta DK, Sharma S (2008) Gastric transposition. In: Gupta DK (ed) Pediatric surgery diagnosis and management, Chapter 34. Pub. Jaypee, pp 409–421

  139. Hirschl RB, Yardeni D, Oldham K et al (2002) Gastric transposition for esophageal replacement in children: experience with 41 consecutive cases with special emphasis on esophageal atresia. Ann Surg 236:531–539 discussion 539–41

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Marujo WC, Tannuri U, Maksoud JG (1991) Total gastric transposition: an alternative to esophageal replacement in children. J Pediatr Surg 26:676–681

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Macksood DJ, Blane CE, Drongowski RA, Coran AG (1997) Complications after gastric transposition in children. Can Assoc Radiol J 48:259–264

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Ludman L, Spitz L (2003) Quality of life after gastric transposition for oesophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 38:53–57 discussion 53–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Rygl M, Snajdauf J, Lisa J, Vyhnánek M, Pachmanová D, Pýcha K (2006) Surgical complications following oesophageal replacement by stomach in childhood. Rozhl Chir. 85:489–493

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Davenport M, Hosie GP, Tasker RC, Gordon I, Kiely EM, Spitz L (1996) Long-term effects of gastric transposition in children: a physiological study. J Pediatr Surg 31:588–593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Estevão-Costa J, Fragoso AC, Campos M, Trindade E, Amil-Dias J (2011) Transhiatal esophagectomy with gastric transposition for esophageal replacement in post-corrosive stricture in children. Acta Med Port 24(Suppl 2):107–112

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Chokshi NK, Guner YS, Ndiforchu F, Mathis R, Shin CE, Nguyen NX (2009) Combined laparoscopic and thoracoscopic esophagectomy and gastric pull-up in a child. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 19(Suppl 1):S197–S200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Ruangtrakool R, Spitz L (2000) Early complications of gastric transposition operation. J Med Assoc Thail 83:352–357

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Spitz L (2009) Gastric transposition in children. Semin Pediatr Surg 18:30–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Ravelli AM, Spitz L, Milla PJ (1994) Gastric emptying in children with gastric transposition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 19:403–409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Angotti R, Molinaro F, Noviello C et al (2016) Gastric transposition as a valid surgical option for esophageal replacement in pediatric patients: experience from three Italian medical centers. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). doi:10.1093/gastro/gow012

  151. Spitz L (2014) Esophageal replacement: overcoming the need. J Pediatr Surg 49:849–852

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Ng J, Loukogeorgakis SP, Pierro A, Kiely EM, De Coppi P, Cross K, Curry J (2014) Comparison of minimally invasive and open gastric transposition in children. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 24:742–749

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Esteves E, Silva MC, Paiva KC, Chagas CC, Valamie RR, Loiola de Guimaraes R, Modesto BB (2009) Laparoscopic gastric pull-up for long gap esophageal atresia. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 19(Suppl 1):S191–S195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Kane TD, Nwomeh BC, Nadler EP (2007) Thoracoscopic-assisted esophagectomy and laparoscopic gastric pull-up for lye injury. JSLS 11:474–480

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Bax NM, Van Renterghem KM (2005) Ileal pedicle grafting for esophageal replacement in children. Pediatr Surg Int 21:369–372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Ivanov AP, Nabokov VV, Miroshnikov BI, Galkina NV (2012) Repeated plasty of the esophagus in children with the application of transplant from the ileum. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek 171:54–60

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Ortiz R, Galán AS, Martinez L, Dominguez E, Hernández F, Santamaria ML, Tovar JA (2015) Tertiary surgery for complicated repair of esophageal atresia. Eur J Pediatr Surg 25:20–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Hall NJ, Wyatt M, Curry JI, Kiely EM (2013) A standardised investigative strategy prior to revisional oesophageal surgery in children: High incidence of unexpected findings. J Pediatr Surg 48:2241–2246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. von Allmen D, Wijnen RM (2015) Bridging the gap in the repair of long-gap esophageal atresia: still questions on diagnostics and treatment. Eur J Pediatr Surg 25:312–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Zani A, Cobellis G, Wolinska J, Chiu PP, Pierro A (2016) Preservation of native esophagus in infants with pure esophageal atresia has good long-term outcomes despite significant postoperative morbidity. Pediatr Surg Int 32:113–117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Totonelli G, Maghsoudlou P, Fishman JM, Orlando G, Ansari T, Sibbons P, Birchall MA, Pierro A, Eaton S, De Coppi P (2012) Esophageal tissue engineering: a new approach for esophageal replacement. World J Gastroenterol 18:6900–6907

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  162. Yamataka A, Miyano T, Segawa O, Nozawa M (1994) Tubed latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flaps for thoracic esophageal replacement: an experimental study. J Pediatr Surg 29:590–593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Maghsoudlou P, Eaton S, De Coppi P (2014) Tissue engineering of the esophagus. Semin Pediatr Surg 23:127–134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India

    Shilpa Sharma & Devendra K. Gupta

Authors
  1. Shilpa Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Devendra K. Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Devendra K. Gupta.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sharma, S., Gupta, D.K. Surgical techniques for esophageal replacement in children. Pediatr Surg Int 33, 527–550 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-016-4048-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-016-4048-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation