Abstract
Purpose
The need for clinically applicable skin substitutes continues to be a matter of fact. Hypothetically, a laboratory grown autologous skin analog with near normal architecture might be a suitable approach to yield both satisfactory functional and cosmetic long-term results. In this study, we explored the use of human endothelial cells derived from freshly isolated adipose stromal vascular fraction (SVF) in a three-dimensional (3D) co-culture model of vascularized bio-engineered skin substitute.
Methods
The SVF was isolated from human white adipose tissue samples and keratinocytes from human skin biopsies. The SVF, in particular endothelial cells, were characterized using flow cytometry and immuofluorescence analysis. Endothelial and mesenchymal progenitors from the SVF formed blood capillaries after seeding into a 3D collagen type I hydrogel in vitro. Subsequently, human keratinocytes were seeded on the top of those hydrogels to develop a vascularized dermo-epidermal skin substitute.
Results
Flow cytometric analysis of surface markers of the freshly isolated SVF showed the expression of endothelial markers (CD31, CD34, CD146), mesenchymal/stromal cell-associated markers (CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105), stem cell markers (CD49f, CD117, CD133), and additionally hematopoietic markers (CD14, CD15, CD45). Further analysis of white adipose-derived endothelial cells (watECs) revealed the co-expression of CD31, CD34, CD90, CD105, and partially CD146 on these cells. WatECs were separated from adipose-stromal cells (watASCs) using FACS sorting. WatASCs and watECs cultured separately in a 3D hydrogel for 3 weeks did not form any vascular structures. Only if co-cultured, both cell types aligned to develop a ramified vascular network in vitro with continuous endothelial lumen formation. Transplantation of those 3D-hydrogels onto immuno-incompetent rats resulted in a rapid connection of human capillaries with the host vessels and formation of functional, blood-perfused mosaic human-rat vessels within only 3–4 days.
Conclusions
Adipose tissue represents an attractive cell source due to the ease of isolation and abundance of endothelial as well as mesenchymal cell lineages. Adipose-derived SVF cells exhibit the ability to form microvascular structures in vitro and support the accelerated blood perfusion in skin substitutes in vivo when transplanted.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bottcher-Haberzeth S, Biedermann T, Reichmann E (2010) Tissue engineering of skin. Burns 36:450–460
Pontiggia L, Biedermann T, Meuli M, Widmer D, Bottcher-Haberzeth S et al (2009) Markers to evaluate the quality and self-renewing potential of engineered human skin substitutes in vitro and after transplantation. J Invest Dermatol 129:480–490
Pontiggia L, Klar A, Bottcher-Haberzeth S, Biedermann T, Meuli M et al (2013) Optimizing in vitro culture conditions leads to a significantly shorter production time of human dermo-epidermal skin substitutes. Pediatr Surg Int 29:249–256
Bottcher-Haberzeth S, Klar AS, Biedermann T, Schiestl C, Meuli-Simmen C et al (2013) “Trooping the color”: restoring the original donor skin color by addition of melanocytes to bioengineered skin analogs. Pediatr Surg Int 29:239–247
Biedermann T, Bottcher-Haberzeth S, Klar AS, Pontiggia L, Schiestl C et al (2013) Rebuild, restore, reinnervate: do human tissue engineered dermo-epidermal skin analogs attract host nerve fibers for innervation? Pediatr Surg Int 29:71–78
Ko HC, Milthorpe BK, McFarland CD (2007) Engineering thick tissues—the vascularisation problem. Eur Cell Mater 14:1–18
Marino D, Luginbuhl J, Scola S, Meuli M, Reichmann E (2014) Bioengineering dermo-epidermal skin grafts with blood and lymphatic capillaries. Sci Transl Med 6:22ra214
Montano I, Schiestl C, Schneider J, Pontiggia L, Luginbuhl J et al (2010) Formation of human capillaries in vitro: the engineering of prevascularized matrices. Tissue Eng Part A 16:269–282
Planat-Benard V, Silvestre JS, Cousin B, Andre M, Nibbelink M et al (2004) Plasticity of human adipose lineage cells toward endothelial cells: physiological and therapeutic perspectives. Circulation 109:656–663
Rafii S, Lyden D (2003) Therapeutic stem and progenitor cell transplantation for organ vascularization and regeneration. Nat Med 9:702–712
Guven S, Karagianni M, Schwalbe M, Schreiner S, Farhadi J et al (2012) Validation of an automated procedure to isolate human adipose tissue-derived cells by using the Sepax(R) technology. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 18:575–582
Traktuev DO, Merfeld-Clauss S, Li J, Kolonin M, Arap W et al (2008) A population of multipotent CD34-positive adipose stromal cells share pericyte and mesenchymal surface markers, reside in a periendothelial location, and stabilize endothelial networks. Circ Res 102:77–85
Covas DT, Panepucci RA, Fontes AM, Silva WA Jr, Orellana MD et al (2008) Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells obtained from diverse human tissues share functional properties and gene-expression profile with CD146+ perivascular cells and fibroblasts. Exp Hematol 36:642–654
Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M et al (2008) A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell 3:301–313
Shepro D, Morel NM (1993) Pericyte physiology. FASEB J 7:1031–1038
Tilton RG (1991) Capillary pericytes: perspectives and future trends. J Electron Microsc Tech 19:327–344
Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P, De Ugarte DA, Huang JI et al (2002) Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 13:4279–4295
Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H, Huang J, Futrell JW et al (2001) Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng 7:211–228
Traktuev DO, Prater DN, Merfeld-Clauss S, Sanjeevaiah AR, Saadatzadeh MR et al (2009) Robust functional vascular network formation in vivo by cooperation of adipose progenitor and endothelial cells. Circ Res 104:1410–1420
Guven S, Karagianni M, Schwalbe M, Schreiner S, Farhadi J et al (2012) Validation of an automated procedure to isolate human adipose tissue-derived cells by using the Sepax® technology. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 18:575–582
Biedermann T, Pontiggia L, Bottcher-Haberzeth S, Tharakan S, Braziulis E et al (2010) Human eccrine sweat gland cells can reconstitute a stratified epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 130:1996–2009
Guven S, Mehrkens A, Saxer F, Schaefer DJ, Martinetti R et al (2011) Engineering of large osteogenic grafts with rapid engraftment capacity using mesenchymal and endothelial progenitors from human adipose tissue. Biomaterials 32:5801–5809
Qiu XF, Zhang YT, Zhao XZ, Zhang SW, Wu JH et al (2015) Enhancement of endothelial differentiation of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells by a three-dimensional culture system of microwell. Biomaterials 53:600–608
Folkman J, Haudenschild C (1980) Angiogenesis by capillary endothelial cells in culture. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 100:346–353
Mitchell JB, McIntosh K, Zvonic S, Garrett S, Floyd ZE et al (2006) Immunophenotype of human adipose-derived cells: temporal changes in stromal-associated and stem cell-associated markers. Stem Cells 24:376–385
Scherberich A, Galli R, Jaquiery C, Farhadi J, Martin I (2007) Three-dimensional perfusion culture of human adipose tissue-derived endothelial and osteoblastic progenitors generates osteogenic constructs with intrinsic vascularization capacity. Stem Cells 25:1823–1829
Rae PC, Kelly RD, Egginton S, St John JC (2011) Angiogenic potential of endothelial progenitor cells and embryonic stem cells. Vasc Cell 3:11
Holnthoner W, Hohenegger K, Husa AM, Muehleder S, Meinl A et al (2015) Adipose-derived stem cells induce vascular tube formation of outgrowth endothelial cells in a fibrin matrix. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 9:127–136
Boquest AC, Shahdadfar A, Fronsdal K, Sigurjonsson O, Tunheim SH et al (2005) Isolation and transcription profiling of purified uncultured human stromal stem cells: alteration of gene expression after in vitro cell culture. Mol Biol Cell 16:1131–1141
Miranville A, Heeschen C, Sengenes C, Curat CA, Busse R et al (2004) Improvement of postnatal neovascularization by human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Circulation 110:349–355
De Francesco F, Tirino V, Desiderio V, Ferraro G, D’Andrea F et al (2009) Human CD34/CD90 ASCs are capable of growing as sphere clusters, producing high levels of VEGF and forming capillaries. PLoS One 4:e6537
Kamei M, Saunders WB, Bayless KJ, Dye L, Davis GE et al (2006) Endothelial tubes assemble from intracellular vacuoles in vivo. Nature 442:453–456
Armulik A, Abramsson A, Betsholtz C (2005) Endothelial/pericyte interactions. Circ Res 97:512–523
Lin CS, Xin ZC, Deng CH, Ning H, Lin G et al (2010) Defining adipose tissue-derived stem cells in tissue and in culture. Histol Histopathol 25:807–815
Cai X, Lin Y, Hauschka PV, Grottkau BE (2011) Adipose stem cells originate from perivascular cells. Biol Cell 103:435–447
Tremblay PL, Hudon V, Berthod F, Germain L, Auger FA (2005) Inosculation of tissue-engineered capillaries with the host’s vasculature in a reconstructed skin transplanted on mice. Am J Transplant 5:1002–1010
Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, Silver M, van der Zee R et al (1997) Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 275:964–967
Takahashi T, Kalka C, Masuda H, Chen D, Silver M et al (1999) Ischemia- and cytokine-induced mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization. Nat Med 5:434–438
Rajantie I, Ilmonen M, Alminaite A, Ozerdem U, Alitalo K et al (2004) Adult bone marrow-derived cells recruited during angiogenesis comprise precursors for periendothelial vascular mural cells. Blood 104:2084–2086
Koh YJ, Koh BI, Kim H, Joo HJ, Jin HK et al (2011) Stromal vascular fraction from adipose tissue forms profound vascular network through the dynamic reassembly of blood endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 31:1141–1150
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Klar, A.S., Güven, S., Zimoch, J. et al. Characterization of vasculogenic potential of human adipose-derived endothelial cells in a three-dimensional vascularized skin substitute. Pediatr Surg Int 32, 17–27 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-015-3808-7
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-015-3808-7