Abstract
The response of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) to an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is analyzed using the IPSL-CM4 coupled ocean–atmosphere model. Two simulations are integrated for 70 years with 1%/year increase in CO2 concentration until 2×CO2, and are then stabilized for further 430 years. The first simulation takes land-ice melting into account, via a simple parameterization, which results in a strong freshwater input of about 0.13 Sv at high latitudes in a warmer climate. During this scenario, the AMOC shuts down. A second simulation does not include this land-ice melting and herein, the AMOC recovers after 200 years. This behavior shows that this model is close to an AMOC shutdown threshold under global warming conditions, due to continuous input of land-ice melting. The analysis of the origin of density changes in the Northern Hemisphere convection sites allows an identification as to the origin of the changes in the AMOC. The processes that decrease the AMOC are the reduction of surface cooling due to the reduction in the air–sea temperature gradient as the atmosphere warms and the local freshening of convection sites that results from the increase in local freshwater forcing. Two processes also control the recovery of the AMOC: the northward advection of positive salinity anomalies from the tropics and the decrease in sea-ice transport through the Fram Strait toward the convection sites. The quantification of the AMOC related feedbacks shows that the salinity related processes contribute to a strong positive feedback, while feedback related to temperature processes is negative but remains small as there is a compensation between heat transport and surface heat flux in ocean–atmosphere coupled model. We conclude that in our model, AMOC feedbacks amplify land-ice melting perturbation by 2.5.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Alessandro Tagliabue who kindly proofread the manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge the constructive comments from Ron Stouffer and two other anonymous reviewers. The coupled simulations were carried out on the NEC SX6 of the Centre de Calcul de Recherche et Technologie (CCRT). This work was supported by the Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique (CEA), and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). It is a contribution to the European project ENSEMBLES (Project No GOCE-CT-2003-505539).
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Swingedouw, D., Braconnot, P., Delecluse, P. et al. Quantifying the AMOC feedbacks during a 2×CO2 stabilization experiment with land-ice melting. Clim Dyn 29, 521–534 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0250-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0250-0