Abstract
The identification and intervention of factors associated with a coronary artery calcification (CAC) score of zero, suggesting the absence of significant coronary artery disease (CAD) with high probability, would be meaningful in the clinical setting. Thus far, the relationship between CAC and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy has not been documented. We identified factors associated with a CAC score of zero and evaluated the relationship between this score and LV concentric hypertrophy in 309 consecutive patients with suspected CAD who were clinically indicated to undergo multislice computed tomography angiography for coronary artery evaluation. The quantitative CAC score was calculated according to Agatston’s method. The total coronary calcium score (TCS) was defined as the sum of the scores for each lesion. Four absolute TCS categories were considered: zero, mild (0–100), moderate (100–400), and severe (>400). LV hypertrophy was classified into concentric (LV mass index >104 g/m2 in women or >116 g/m2 in men; LV end-diastolic volume index ≤109.2 mL/m2) and eccentric (LV end-diastolic volume index >109.2 mL/m2) patterns. In the zero-TCS group, the frequency of LV concentric hypertrophy was extremely low (zero 6%, mild 17%, moderate 26%, severe 19%). Multivariate analysis revealed that age, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, LV concentric hypertrophy, and LV mass index, but not hypertension, were the independent factors associated with a CAC score of zero. The present study demonstrated that the absence of LV concentric hypertrophy was a prerequisite for a CAC score of zero. That is, the presence of LV concentric hypertrophy, which indicated more severe underlying hypertension, long duration, or poor control of blood pressure, implicates the presence of CAC.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- EBCT:
-
Electron-beam computed tomography
- MSCT:
-
Multislice computed tomography
- CAC:
-
Coronary artery calcification
- CAD:
-
Coronary artery disease
- LV:
-
Left ventricular
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- TCS:
-
Total coronary calcium score
- EDV:
-
End-diastolic volume
- ESV:
-
End-systolic volume
- LA:
-
Left atrial
- CI:
-
Confidence interval
References
Simons DB, Schwartz RS, Edwards WD, Sheedy PF, Breen JF, Rumberger JA (1992) Noninvasive definition of anatomic coronary artery disease by ultrafast computed tomographic scanning: a quantitative pathologic comparison study. J Am Coll Cardiol 20:1118–1126
Mautner GC, Mautner SL, Froehlich J, Feuerstein IM, Proschan MA, Roberts WC, Doppman JL (1994) Coronary artery calcification: assessment with electron beam CT and histomorphometric correlation. Radiology 192:619–623
Rumberger JA, Simons DB, Fitzpatrick LA, Sheedy PF, Schwartz RS (1995) Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopathologic correlative study. Circulation 92:2157–2162
Sangiorgi G, Rumberger JA, Severson A, Edwards WD, Gregoire J, Fitzpatrick LA, Schwartz RS (1998) Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:126–133
Keelan PC, Bielak LF, Ashai K, Jamjoum LS, Denktas AE, Rumberger JA, Sheedy PF II, Peyser PA, Schwartz RS (2001) Long-term prognostic value of coronary calcification detected by electron-beam computed tomography in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Circulation 104:412–417
Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Goodman K, Lledo-Perez A, Sherman S, Lerner G, Guerci AD (1996) Predictive value of electron beam computed tomography of the coronary arteries. 19-month follow-up of 1173 asymptomatic subjects. Circulation 93:1951–1953
Kondos GT, Hoff JA, Sevrukov A, Daviglus ML, Garside DB, Devries SS, Chomka EV, Liu K (2003) Electron-beam tomography coronary artery calcium and cardiac events: a 37-month follow-up of 5635 initially asymptomatic low- to intermediate-risk adults. Circulation 107:2571–2576
Devries S, Wolfkiel C, Fusman B, Bakdash H, Ahmed A, Levy P, Chomka E, Kondos G, Zajac E, Rich S (1995) Influence of age and gender on the presence of coronary calcium detected by ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:76–82
Haberl R, Becker A, Leber A, Knez A, Becker C, Lang C, Brüning R, Reiser M, Steinbeck G (2001) Correlation of coronary calcification and angiographically documented stenoses in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: results of 1, 764 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 37:451–457
Ho JS, Fitzgerald SJ, Stolfus LL, Wade WA, Reinhardt DB, Barlow CE, Cannaday JJ (2008) Relation of a coronary artery calcium score higher than 400 to coronary stenoses detected using multidetector computed tomography and to traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Cardiol 101:1444–1447
Detrano R, Hsiai T, Wang S, Puentes G, Fallavollita J, Shields P, Stanford W, Wolfkiel C, Georgiou D, Budoff M, Reed J (1996) Prognostic value of coronary calcification and angiographic stenoses in patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:285–290
Janowitz WR, Agatston AS, Kaplan G, Viamonte M Jr (1993) Differences in prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcium detected by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women. Am J Cardiol 72:247–254
Rumberger JA, Sheedy PF 3rd, Breen JF, Schwartz RS (1995) Coronary calcium, as determined by electron beam computed tomography, and coronary disease on arteriogram. Effect of patient’s sex on diagnosis. Circulation 91:1363–1367
Newman AB, Naydeck B, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Edmundowicz D, Gottdiener J, Kuller LH (2000) Coronary artery calcification in older adults with minimal clinical or subclinical cardiovascular disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 48:256–263
Goel M, Wong ND, Eisenberg H, Hagar J, Kelly K, Tobis JM (1992) Risk factor correlates of coronary calcium as evaluated by ultrafast computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 70:977–980
Iwasaki K, Matsumoto T, Aono H, Furukawa H, Nagamachi K, Samukawa M (2010) Distribution of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart Vessels 25:14–18
Raggi P, Boulay A, Chasan-Taber S, Amin N, Dillon M, Burke SK, Chertow GM (2002) Cardiac calcification in adult hemodialysis patients. A link between end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease? J Am Coll Cardiol 39:695–701
Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr, Detrano R (1990) Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:827–832
Mühlenbruch G, Das M, Hohl C, Wildberger JE, Rinck D, Flohr TG, Koos R, Knackstedt C, Günther RW, Mahnken AH (2006) Global left ventricular function in cardiac CT. Evaluation of an automated 3D region-growing segmentation algorithm. Eur Radiol 16:1117–1123
Okuyama T, Ehara S, Shirai N, Sugioka K, Ogawa K, Oe H, Kitamura H, Itoh T, Otani K, Matsuoka T, Inoue Y, Ueda M, Hozumi T, Yoshiyama M (2008) Usefulness of three-dimensional automated quantification of left ventricular mass, volume, and function by 64-slice computed tomography. J Cardiol 52:276–284
Takagi Y, Ehara S, Okuyama T, Shirai N, Yamashita H, Sugioka K, Kitamura H, Ujino K, Hozumi T, Yoshiyama M (2009) Comparison of determinations of left atrial volume by the biplane area-length and Simpson’s methods using 64-slice computed tomography. J Cardiol 53:257–264
Bastarrika G, Arraiza M, Pueyo JC, Herraiz MJ, Zudaire B, Villanueva A (2008) Quantification of left ventricular function and mass in cardiac dual-source CT (DSCT) exams: comparison of manual and semiautomatic segmentation algorithms. Eur Radiol 18:939–946
Mahnken AH, Mühlenbruch G, Koos R, Stanzel S, Busch PS, Niethammer M, Günther RW, Wildberger JE (2006) Automated vs. manual assessment of left ventricular function in cardiac multidetector row computed tomography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 16:1416–1423
Heckerling PS, Wiener SL, Wolfkiel CJ, Kushner MS, Dodin EM, Jelnin V, Fusman B, Chomka EV (1993) Accuracy and reproducibility of precordial percussion and palpation for detecting increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume and mass. A comparison of physical findings and ultrafast computed tomography of the heart. JAMA 270:1943–1948
Okin PM, Devereux RB, Nieminen MS, Jern S, Oikarinen L, Viitasalo M, Toivonen L, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Dahlöf B (2001) Relationship of the electrocardiographic strain pattern to left ventricular structure and function in hypertensive patients: the LIFE study. Losartan Intervention For End point. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:514–520
Vandenberg BF, Weiss RM, Kinzey J, Acker M, Stark CA, Stanford W, Burns TL, Marcus ML, Kerber RE (1995) Comparison of left atrial volume by two-dimensional echocardiography and cine-computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 75:754–757
Levy D, Garrison R, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP (1990) Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 322:1561–1566
Sipahi I, Tuzcu M, Schoenhagen P, Wolski KE, Nicholls SJ, Balog C, Crowe TD, Nissen SE (2006) Effects of normal, pre-hypertensive, and hypertensive blood pressure levels on progression of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:833–838
Kronmal RA, McClelland RL, Detrano R, Shea S, Lima JA, Cushman M, Bild DE, Burke GL (2007) Risk factors for the progression of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic subjects: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation 115:2722–2730
Barrios V, Escobar C, Calderón A, Barrios S, Navarro-Cid J, Ferrer E, Echarri R (2010) Gender differences in the diagnosis and treatment of left ventricular hypertrophy detected by different electrocardiographic criteria. Findings from the SARA study. Heart Vessels 25:51–56
Gottlieb I, Miller JM, Arbab-Zadeh A, Dewey M, Clouse ME, Sara L, Niinuma H, Bush DE, Paul N, Vavere AL, Texter J, Brinker J, Lima JA, Rochitte CE (2010) The absence of coronary calcification does not exclude obstructive coronary artery disease or the need for revascularization in patients referred for conventional coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:627–634
Raggi P, Callister TQ, Cooil B, He ZX, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ, Zelinger A, Mahmarian JJ (2000) Identification of patients at increased risk of first unhealed acute myocardial infarction by electron-beam computed tomography. Circulation 101:850–855
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ehara, S., Shirai, N., Okuyama, T. et al. Absence of left ventricular concentric hypertrophy: a prerequisite for zero coronary calcium score. Heart Vessels 26, 487–494 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-010-0082-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-010-0082-4