Abstract
This study examined the characteristics of the diurnal variations of heavy rainfall (⩾110 mm in 12 hours) in Korea and the related atmospheric circulation for July from 1980–2020. During the analysis period, two dominant pattens of diurnal variation of the heavy rainfall emerged: all-day heavy rainfall (AD) and morning only heavy rainfall (MO) types. For the AD-type, the heavy rainfall is caused by abundant moisture content in conjunction with active convection in the morning (0000–1200, LST; LST = UTC + 9) and the afternoon hours (1200–2400 LST). These systems are related to the enhanced moisture inflow and upward motion induced by the strengthening of the western North Pacific subtropical high and upper-tropospheric jet. For the MO-type, heavy rainfall occurs mostly in the morning hours; the associated atmospheric patterns are similar to the climatology. We find that the atmospheric pattern related to severe heavy rainfalls in 2020 corresponds to a typical AD-type and resembles the 1991 heavy-rainfall system in its overall synoptic/mesoscale circulations. The present results imply that extremely heavy rainfall episodes in Korea during the 2020 summer may occur again in the future associated with the recurring atmospheric phenomenon related to the heavy rainfall.
摘要
本研究考察了韩国 1980-2020 年 7 月强降水 (12 小时雨量3 110 毫米) 日变化及其对应的大气环流特征. 在分析时段内存在两种主要的日变化类型: 全天强降水 (AD) 型和早晨强降水 (MO) 型. 对于 AD 型, 强降水由丰沛的水汽含量结合早晨 (当地时 0000-1200) 和午后 (当地时1200-2400) 活跃的对流造成. 这些系统与西北太平洋副热带高压和对流层高空急流加强引起的水汽入流和上升运动增强有关. 对于 MO 型, 强降水主要出现在早晨; 对应的大气环流与气候态相似. 我们发现, 2020 年超强降水相关的环流型对应典型的 AD 型; 在天气尺度/中尺度环流上, 与 1991 年强降水系统相类似. 目前的结果表明, 伴随着重复出现的与强降水相关的大气环流形势, 2020 年夏季韩国的极端强降水事件可能在将来再次出现.
Article PDF
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Chen, G. X., W. M. Sha, T. Iwasaki, and Z. P. Wen, 2017: Diurnal cycle of a heavy rainfall corridor over East Asia. Mon. Wea. Rev., 145, 3365–3389, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0423.1.
Gelaro, R., and Coauthors, 2017: The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). J. Climate, 30, 5419–5454, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D16-0758.1.
Geng, B., and H. Yamada, 2007: Diurnal variations of the Meiyu/Baiu rain belt. SOLA, 3, 61–64, https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2007-016.
Gray, W. M., and R. W. JacobsonJr., 1977: Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1171–1188, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<1171:DVODCC>2.0.CO;2.
Ha, K.-J., S. Moon, A. Timmermann, and D. Kim, 2020: Future changes of summer monsoon characteristics and evaporative demand over Asia in CMIP6 simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087492, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087492.
He, H. Z., and F. Q. Zhang, 2010: Diurnal variations of warm-season precipitation over Northern China. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 1017–1025, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3356.1.
Ho, C.-H., and I.-S. Kang, 1988: The variability of precipitation in Korea. Journal of the Korean Meteorological Society, 24, 38–48.
Ho, C.-H., J.-Y. Lee, M.-H. Ahn, and H.-S. Lee, 2003: A sudden change in summer rainfall characteristics in Korea during the late 1970s. International Journal of Climatology, 23, 117–128, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.864.
Hyun, Y.-K., S. K. Kar, K.-J. Ha, and J. H. Lee, 2010: Diurnal and spatial variabilities of monsoonal CG lightning and precipitation and their association with the synoptic weather conditions over South Korea. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 102, 43–60, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0235-5.
Jo, E., C. Park, S.-W. Son, J.-W. Roh, G.-W. Lee, and Y.-H. Lee, 2020: Classification of localized heavy rainfall events in South Korea. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 56, 77–88, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-019-00128-7.
Jung, H.-S., G.-H. Lim, and J.-H. Oh, 2001: Interpretation of the transient variations in the time series of precipitation amounts in Seoul, Korea. Part I: Diurnal variation. J. Climate, 14, 2989–3004, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2989:IOTTVI>2.0.CO;2.
Li, L., C. W. Zhu, R. H. Zhang, and B. Q. Liu, 2021: Roles of the Tibetan Plateau vortices in the record Meiyu rainfall in 2020. Atmospheric Science Letters, 22, e1017, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.1017.
Lim, G.-H., and H.-J. Kwon, 1998: Diurnal variation of precipitations over South Korea and its implication. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 34, 222–237.
Liu, B. Q., Y. H. Yan, C. W. Zhu, S. M. Ma, and J. Y. Li, 2020: Record-breaking Meiyu rainfall around the Yangtze river in 2020 regulated by the subseasonal phase transition of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL090342, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090342.
Ministry of the Interior and Safety in Korea (MISK), 2020: State council of South Korea in August 2020. (in Korean)
Park, M.-S., M.-I. Lee, H. Kim, J. Im, and J.-M. Yoo, 2016: Spatial and diurnal variations of storm heights in the East Asia summer monsoon: Storm height regimes and large-scale diurnal modulation. Climate Dyn., 46, 745–763, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2610-5.
Park, S., S. K. Park, J. W. Lee, and Y. Park, 2018: Geostatistical assessment of warm-season precipitation observations in Korea based on the composite precipitation and satellite water vapor data. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22, 3435–3452, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3435-2018.
Roh, J.-W., Y. H. Lee, J.-E. Nam, and K.-Y. Chung, 2012: Diurnal variations of summertime precipitation in South Korea in 2009 using precipitation reanalysis data. SOLA, 8, 155–159, https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2012-038.
Sohn, B.-J., G.-H. Ryu, H.-J. Song, and M.-L. Ou, 2013: Characteristic features of warm-type rain producing heavy rainfall over the Korean Peninsula inferred from TRMM measurements. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 3873–3888, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-13-00075.1.
Song, H.-J., and B.-J. Sohn, 2015: Two heavy rainfall types over the Korean Peninsula in the humid East Asian summer environment: A satellite observation study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 363–382, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00184.1.
Song, H.-J., and B.-J. Sohn, 2020: Polarizing rain types linked to June drought in the Korean peninsula over last 20 years. International Journal of Climatology, 40, 2173–2182, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6325.
Song, H.-J., B. Lim, and S. Joo, 2019: Evaluation of rainfall forecasts with heavy rain types in the high-resolution unified model over South Korea. Wea. Forecasting, 34, 1277–1293, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-18-0140.1.
Song, H.-J., B.-J. Sohn, S.-Y. Hong, and T. Hashino, 2017: Idealized numerical experiments on the microphysical evolution of warm-type heavy rainfall. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 122, 1685–1699, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025637.
Takaya, Y., I. Ishikawa, C. Kobayashi, H. Endo, and T. Ose, 2020: Enhanced Meiyu-Baiu rainfall in early summer 2020: Aftermath of the 2019 super IOD event. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL090671, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090671.
The State Council the People’s Republic of China (SCPRC), 2020: Policy briefings: Despite floods, casualties half 5-year average.
Timmermann, A., 2020: Research news: 2020 Changma in Korea. Institute for Basic Science (IBS) in Korea. Available from https://www.ibs.re.kr/cop/bbs/BBSMSTR_000000000735/selectBoardArticle.do?nttId=19049. (in Korean)
Wang, C.-C., G. T.-J. Chen, and R. E. Carbone, 2005: Variability of warm-season cloud episodes over East Asia based on GMS infrared brightness temperature observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 1478–1500, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR2928.1.
Wu, N. G., X. Ding, Z. P. Wen, G. X. Chen, Z. Y. Meng, L. X. Lin, and J. Z. Min, 2020: Contrasting frontal and warm-sector heavy rainfalls over South China during the early-summer rainy season. Atmospheric Research, 235, 104693, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104693.
Xue, M., X. Luo, K. F. Zhu, Z. Q. Sun, and J. F. Fei, 2018: The controlling role of boundary layer inertial oscillations in Meiyu frontal precipitation and its diurnal cycles over China. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 123, 5090–5115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028368.
Yu, R. C., T. J. Zhou, A. Y. Xiong, Y. J. Zhu, and J. M. Li, 2007: Diurnal variations of summer precipitation over contiguous China. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01704, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028129.
Yuan, W. H., R. C. Yu, H. M. Chen, J. Li, and M. H. Zhang, 2010: Subseasonal characteristics of diurnal variation in summer monsoon rainfall over central eastern China. J. Climate, 23, 6684–6695, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3805.1.
Yuan, W. H., R. C. Yu, M. H. Zhang, W. Y. Lin, H. M. Chen, and J. Li, 2012: Regimes of diurnal variation of summer rainfall over subtropical East Asia. J. Climate, 25, 3307–3320, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00288.1.
Zeng, W. X., G. X. Chen, Y. Du, and Z. P. Wen, 2019: Diurnal variations of low-level winds and precipitation response to large-scale circulations during a heavy rainfall event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 147, 3981–4004, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-19-0131.1.
Zhang, A. Q., Y. L. Chen, S. N. Zhou, C. G. Cui, R. Wan, and Y. F. Fu, 2020: Diurnal variation of Meiyu rainfall in the Yangtze plain during atypical Meiyu years. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 125, e2019JD031742, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031742.
Zhang, Y., and H. M. Chen, 2016: Comparing CAM5 and super-parameterized CAM5 simulations of summer precipitation characteristics over continental East Asia: Mean state, frequency-intensity relationship, diurnal cycle, and influencing factors. J. Climate, 29, 1067–1089, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0342.1.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program (Chang-Hoi HO and Minhee CHANG: KMI2020-00610), the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (Kyung-Ja HA: 2020R1A2C2006860, Chang-Kyun PARK: 2021R1C1C2004711), and Development and Assessment of AR6 Climate Change Scenarios (Jinwon KIM: KMA2018-00321).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Article Highlights
• Summertime heavy rainfall features in Korea are represented by two specific forms, morning only (MO) and all-day (AD) types.
• The atmospheric pattern of AD type was characterized by enhanced moisture inflow and upward motion, while that of MO type was similar to the climatology.
• Severe heavy rainfall in 2020 could be considered as a typical AD type and resembles the heavy rainfall case in 1991.
This paper is a contribution to the special issue on Summer 2020: Record Rainfall in Asia—Mechanisms, Predictability and Impacts.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Park, CK., Chang, M., Ho, CH. et al. Two Types of Diurnal Variations in Heavy Rainfall during July over Korea. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 38, 2201–2211 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-1178-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-1178-8