Abstract
A study of six decades (1950–2009) of reanalysis data reveals that the subtropical jetstream (STJ) of the Southern (Northern) Hemisphere between longitudes 0°E and 180°E has weakened (strengthened) during both the boreal winter (January, February) and summer (July, August) seasons. The temperature of the upper troposphere of the midlatitudes has a warming trend in the Southern Hemisphere and a cooling trend in the Northern Hemisphere. Correspondingly, the north-south temperature gradient in the upper troposphere has a decreasing trend in the Southern Hemisphere and an increasing trend in the Northern Hemisphere, which affects the strength of the STJ through the thermal wind relation. We devised a method of isotach analysis in intervals of 0.1 m s−1 in vertical sections of hemispheric mean winds to study the climate change in the STJ core wind speed, and also core height and latitude. We found that the upper tropospheric cooling of the Asian mid-latitudes has a role in the strengthening of the STJ over Asia, while throughout the rest of the globe the upper troposphere has a warming trend that weakens the STJ. Available studies show that the mid-latitude cooling of the upper troposphere over Asia is caused by anthropogenic aerosols (particularly sulphate aerosols) and the warming over the rest of the global mid-latitude upper troposphere is due to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abish, B., P. V. Joseph, and O. M. Johannessen, 2013: Weakening trend of the tropical easterly jetstream of the boreal summer monsoon season 1950–2009. J. Climate, 26, 9408–9414, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00440.1.
Archer, C. L., and K. Caldeira, 2008: Historical trends in the jet streams. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08803, doi: 10.1029/2008GL033614.
Bengtsson, L., S. Hagemann, and K. L. Hodges, 2004: Can climate trends be calculated from reanalysis data? J. Geophys. Res., 109, D11111, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004536.
Bluestein, H. B., 1993: Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes: Observations and Theory of Weather Systems. Oxford University Press, New York, 594 pp.
Bromwich, D. H., and R. L. Fogt, 2004: Strong trends in the skill of the ERA-40 and NCEP-NCAR reanalyses in the high and middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, 1958–2001. J. Climate, 17, 4603–4619.
Dima, I. M., and J. M. Wallace, 2003: On the seasonality of the Hadley Cell. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1522–1527.
Duan, A. M., 2007: Cooling trend in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over China. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L15708, doi: 10.1029/2007GL029667.
Durre, I., R. S. Vose, and D. B. Wuertz, 2006: Overview of the integrated global radiosonde archive. J. Climate, 19, 53–68, doi: 10.1175/JCLI3594.1.
Fu, Q., C. M. Johanson, J. M. Wallace, and T. Reichler, 2006: Enhanced mid-latitude tropospheric warming in satellite measurements. Science, 312, 1179.
Galvin, 2007: The weather and climate of the tropics. Weather, 62, 295–299.
Hu, Y., and Q. Fu, 2007: Observed poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation since 1979. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5229–5236.
Hudson, R. D., 2012: Measurements of the movement of the jet streams at mid-latitudes, in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, 1979 to 2010. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7797–7808.
Kaiser, D. P., and Y. Qian, 2002: Decreasing trends in sunshine duration over China for 1954–1998: Indication of increased haze pollution? Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, doi: 10.1029/2002gl016057.
Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437–471
Kistler, R., and Coauthors, 2001: The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROMand documentation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 247–267.
Krishnamurti, T. N., 1961: The subtropical jetstream of winter. J. Meteor., 18, 172–191.
Liebmann, B., and C. A. Smith, 1996: Description of a complete (interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 1275–1277.
Liu, J., M. Song, Y. Hu, and X. Ren, 2012: Changes in the strength and width of the Hadley Circulation since 1871. Climate Past, 8, 1169–1175.
Lu, J., G. A. Vecchi, and T. Reichler, 2007: Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06805, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028443.
Ming, Y., V. Ramaswamy, and G. Chen 2011: A Model Investigation of Aerosol-induced Changes in Boreal Winter Extratropical Circulation, J. Clim., doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI4111.1.
Mitas, C. M., and A. Clement, 2005: Has the Hadley cell been strengthening in recent decades? Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L03809, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021765.
Mitchell, J. F. B., T. C. Johns, J. M. Gregory, and S. F. B. Tett, 1995: Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols. Nature, 376, 501–504.
Peixoto, J. P., and A. H. Oort, 1992: Physics of Climate. American Institute of Physics, New York, 520 pp.
Santer, B. D., and Coauthors, 1999: Uncertainties in observationally based estimates of temperature change in the free atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6305–6333.
Schulman, L. L., 1973: On the summer hemisphere Hadley cell. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 197–201.
Seidel, D. J., Q. Fu, W. J. Randel, and T. J. Reichler, 2008: Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience, 1, 21–24.
Simmons, A. J., and Coauthors, 2004: Comparison of trends and low-frequency variability in CRU, ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR analyses of surface air temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24115, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005306.
Strong, C., and R. E. Davis, 2008: Variability in the position and strength of winter jet stream cores related to northern Hemisphere teleconnections. J. Climate, 21, 584–592.
Sun, J., 2014: Record-breaking SST over mid-North Atlantic and extreme high temperature over the Jianghuai-Jiangnan region of China in 2013. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59, 3465–3470.
Thorne, P.W., D. E. Parker, S. F. B. Tett, P. D. Jones, M. McCarthy, H. Coleman, and P. Brohan, 2005: Revisiting radiosonde upper air temperatures from 1958 to 2002. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18105, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005753.
Uppala, S. M., and Coauthors, 2005: The ERA-40 re-analysis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961–3012, doi: 10.1256/qj.04.176.
Webster, P. J., 2004: The elementary Hadley circulation. The Hadley Circulation: Past, Present and Future. H. Diaz, and R. Bradley, Eds., Cambridge University Press, 9–60.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abish, B., Joseph, P.V. & Johannessen, O.M. Climate change in the subtropical jetstream during 1950–2009. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 32, 140–148 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-4156-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-4156-6