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Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of İzmit (NW Turkey): a sedimentary basin under control of the North Anatolian Fault Zone

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Abstract

The Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of İzmit, situated on the tectonically active North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), was investigated using seismic reflection, paleontologic, and sediment textural data. On the basis of seismic stratigraphic and sedimentologic-paleontologic interpretations, four depositional units were distinguished within the Plio-Quaternary sequence of the Gulf of İzmit. According to these data, Plio-Quaternary deposits supplied from the northern terrestrial area started to accumulate during a progradational phase, in a south-facing half-graben. A coarse-grained sedimentary unit prograding into the gulf from the south since 200 ka b.p. indicates a dramatic variation in the evolution of the gulf, with the initiation of a new strike-slip fault of the NAFZ and a corresponding uplift of the Armutlu Peninsula in the south of the gulf. During the evolution of this fault from a wide shear zone consisting of right-stepped strike-slip faults and pull-apart basins to a localized principal fault zone, sediments were deposited under the influence of northerly prograding terrestrial and shallow-marine conditions due to relative sea-level fluctuations in the Marmara Sea. During this period, the Gulf of İzmit was invaded mainly by Mediterranean and partly by Black Sea waters. In the latest glacial period, shallow areas in the gulf became subaerially exposed, whereas the central and western sub-basins of the gulf turned into lakes. The present evolution of the Gulf of İzmit is controlled by the after effects of the new rupture of the NAFZ and the estuarine nature of the gulf environment.

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Acknowledgements

This paper is based on the MSc thesis of Erdal Dolu. We gratefully acknowledge the captains and crews as well as the scientists and technicians of the R/V Arar of Istanbul University, and the R/V TCG Çubuklu of the Turkish Navy, Department of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography, for their help during the bathymetric and seismic surveys. We thank Dr. Timur Ustaömer for his very valuable criticism. We also acknowledge the helpful comments of two anonymous referees and the editor of the journal, Dr. Burg Flemming, to improve the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Marine Science and Management, Istanbul University, Vefa, 34470, Istanbul, Turkey

    Erdal Dolu

  2. Natural Science Research Center, Yıldız Technical University, Beşiktaş, 34349, Istanbul, Turkey

    Erkan Gökaşan & Tolga Görüm

  3. Moda, Hüseyin Bey Sok. 15/4, Kadıköy, 34710, Istanbul, Turkey

    Engin Meriç

  4. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering/Geological Research Center for Fluvial, Lacustrine, and Marine Environments (AGDEJAM), Ankara University, Tandogan, 06100, Ankara, Turkey

    Mustafa Ergin

  5. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geophysical Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcılar, 34850, Istanbul, Turkey

    Hüseyin Tur

  6. Department of Geophysics Engineering, Ankara University, Tandoğan, 06100, Ankara, Turkey

    Berkan Ecevitoğlu

  7. Engineering-Architecture Faculty, Geology Department, Çukurova University, Balcalı, 01330, Adana, Turkey

    Niyazi Avşar

  8. Engineering-Architecture Faculty, Department of Geology, Süleyman Demirel University, Çünür, 32100, Isparta, Turkey

    Muhittin Görmüş

  9. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Geodesy and Fotogrametric Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Beşiktaş, 34349, Istanbul, Turkey

    Fatmagül Batuk

  10. Department of the Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography, Turkish Navy, Çubuklu, 81647, Istanbul, Turkey

    Buğser Tok

  11. Science-Lettres Faculty, Department of Physics, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14280, Bolu, Turkey

    Oktay Çetin

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  1. Erdal Dolu
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Correspondence to Erkan Gökaşan.

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Dolu, E., Gökaşan, E., Meriç, E. et al. Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of İzmit (NW Turkey): a sedimentary basin under control of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. Geo-Mar Lett 27, 355–381 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-007-0057-3

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