Abstract
When animals are faced with a life-threatening challenge, they mount an organism-wide response (i.e. Plan A). For example, both the stress response (i.e. fight-or-flight) and the immune response recruit molecular resources from other body tissues, and induce physiological changes that optimize the body for defense. However, pathogens and predators often co-occur. Animals that can optimize responses for a dual challenge, i.e. simultaneous predator and pathogen attacks, will have a selective advantage. Responses to a combined predator and pathogen attack have not been well studied, but this paper summarizes the existing literature in insects. The response to dual challenges (i.e. Plan B) results in a suite of physiological changes that are different from either the stress response or the immune response, and is not a simple summation of the two. It is also not a straight-forward trade-off of one response against the other. The response to a dual challenge (i.e. Plan B) appears to resolve physiological trade-offs between the stress and immune responses, and reconfigures both responses to provide the best overall defense. However, the dual response appears to be more costly than either response occurring singly, resulting in greater damage from oxidative stress, reduced growth rate, and increased mortality.
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This study was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, Discovery Grant—RGPIN-2018-04037).
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The unpublished study on Manduca sexta mentioned in the paper was approved by the University Committee on Laboratory Animals (Dalhousie University, I-11-025) and was in accordance with the Canadian Council of Animal Care.
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Adamo, S.A. Animals have a Plan B: how insects deal with the dual challenge of predators and pathogens. J Comp Physiol B 190, 381–390 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-020-01282-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-020-01282-5