Abstract
We delineate and examine the distinct breakup modes of evaporating water-in-oil emulsion droplets under acoustic levitation. The emulsion droplets consist of decane/dodecane/tetradecane as oil, while the water concentration is varied from 10 to 30% (v/v). The droplets were heated under different laser irradiation intensities and were observed to exhibit three broad breakup mechanisms, viz., breakup through bubble growth, sheet breakup, and catastrophic breakup. The occurrence of these modes of the breakup is found to be primarily dependent on the volatility differential among the components. Early nucleation in water/decane emulsions results in the growth of vapor bubble, which is characterized by intricate patterns of wave propagation on the droplet surface. The formation of these patterns suggests that the short time scale and length scale of wave patterns is the manifestation of Faraday instability, triggered on the droplet surface by the acoustic field induced resonance. A sheet-like breakup, on the contrary, occurs predominantly in emulsions comprising of components with relatively high volatility difference (water/dodecane emulsions) due to the breakup of an indiscernible small sized bubble. Intense catastrophic breakup occurs for emulsions with significantly vast volatility difference (water/tetradecane emulsions) where the droplet undergoes prompt fragmentation into fine secondary droplets.
Graphic abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
adapted from Pandey and Basu (2018)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abramzon B, Sazhin S (2006) Convective vaporization of a fuel droplet with thermal radiation absorption. Fuel 85:32–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.02.027
Avedisian CT, Andres RP (1978) Bubble nucleation in superheated liquid-liquid emulsions.l J Colloid Interface Sci 64:438–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(78)90386-7
Basu S, Saha A, Kumar R (2012) Thermally induced secondary atomization of droplet in an acoustic field. Appl Phys Lett 100:054101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3680257
Basu S, Saha A, Kumar R (2013) Criteria for thermally induced atomization and catastrophic breakup of acoustically levitated droplet. Int J Heat Mass Transf 59:316–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.12.040
Bremson M (1968) Infrared radiation: a handbook for applications. Plenum Press, New York
Califano V, Calabria R, Massoli P (2014) Experimental evaluation of the effect of emulsion stability on micro-explosion phenomena for water-in-oil emulsions. Fuel 117:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.073
Chen C-K, Lin T-H (2011) Burning of water-in-dodecane compound drops. At Sprays 21:867–881. https://doi.org/10.1615/AtomizSpr.2012004541
Chen G, Tao D (2005) An experimental study of stability of oil–water emulsion. Fuel Process Technol 86:499–508 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.03.010
Dechelette A, Campanella O, Corvalan C, Sojka PE (2011) An experimental investigation on the breakup of surfactant-laden non-Newtonian jets. Chem Eng Sci 66:6367–6374 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2011.05.048
Di W, Zhang Z, Li L (2018) Shape evolution and bubble formation of acoustically levitated drops. Phys Rev Fluids 3:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.103606
Dietrich DL, Haggard JB, Dryer FL (1996) Droplet combustion experiments in spacelab. Symp Combust 26:1201–1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(96)80336-5
Eggers J, Villermaux E (2008) Physics of liquid jets. Rep Prog Phys 71:036601. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/71/3/036601
Faber TE (1995) Fluid dynamics for physicists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Faraday M (1831) On a peculiar class of acoustical figures; and on certain forms assumed by groups of particles upon vibrating elastic surfaces. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 121:299–340
Gonzalez Avila SR, Ohl C-D (2016) Fragmentation of acoustically levitating droplets by laser-induced cavitation bubbles. J Fluid Mech 805:551–576. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.583
Hasegawa K, Abe Y, Goda A (2016) Microlayered flow structure around an acoustically levitated droplet under a phase-change process NP. J Microgravity 2:16004. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.4
Jackson GS, Avedisian CT (1998) Combustion of unsupported water-in-n-heptane emulsion droplets in a convection-free environment. Int J Heat Mass Transf 41:2503̄–2515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(97)00316-5
Kadota T, Yamasaki H (2002) Recent advances in the combustion of water fuel emulsion. Prog Energy Combust Sci 28:385–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(02)00005-9
Kadota T, Tanaka H, Segawa D (2007) Microexplosion of an emulsion droplet during Leidenfrost burning. Proc Combust Inst 31:2125–2131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2006.07.001
Khan MY, Karim ZAA, Aziz ARA, Tan IM (2014) Experimental investigation of microexplosion occurrence in water in diesel emulsion droplets during the Leidenfrost effect. Energy Fuels 28:7079–7084. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef501588z
Kim H, Baek SW (2016) Combustion of a single emulsion fuel droplet in a rapid compression machine. Energy 106:422–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.03.006
Kimura M, Ihara H, Okajima S, Iwama A (1986) Combustion behaviors of emulsified hydrocarbons and JP-4/N2H4 droplets at weightless and free falling conditions. Combust Sci Technol 44:289–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102208608960309
Klein AL, Bouwhuis W, Visser CW (2015) Drop shaping by laser-pulse impact. Phys Rev Appl 3:044018. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.3.044018
Kobayashi K, Goda A, Hasegawa K, Abe Y (2018) Flow structure and evaporation behavior of an acoustically levitated droplet. Phys Fluids 30:082105. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5037728
Lasheras JC, Fernandez-Pello AC, Dryer FL (1979) Initial observations on the free droplet combustion characteristics of water-in-fuel emulsions. Combust Sci Technol 21:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102207908946913
Lasheras JC, Fernandez-Pello AC, Dryer FL (1981a) On the disruptive burning of free droplets of alcohol/n-paraffin solutions and emulsions. Symp Combust 18:293–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(81)80035-5
Lasheras JC, Kennedy IM, Dryer FL (1981b) Burning of distillate fuel droplets containing alcohol or water: effect of additive concentration. Combust Sci Technol 26:161–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102208108946956
Lasheras JC, Yap LT, Dryer FL (1984) Effect of ambient pressure on the explosive burning of emulsified and multicomponent fuel droplets. Symp Combust 20:1761–1772
Law CK (2010) Combustion Physics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Law CK, Law HK (1982) A d2-law for multicomponent droplet vaporization and combustion. AIAA J 20:522–527. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.51103
Law CK, Lee CH, Srinivasan N (1980) Combustion characteristics of water-in-oil emulsion droplets. Combust Flame 37:125–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(80)90080-2
Liu F, Kang N, Li Y, Wu Q (2019) Experimental investigation on the atomization of a spherical droplet induced by Faraday instability. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 100:311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.09.016
Matsumoto K, Fujii T, Suzuki K (1999) Laser-induced fluorescence for the non-intrusive diagnostics of a fuel droplet burning under microgravity in a drop shaft. Meas Sci Technol 10:853–858. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/10/10/304
Mikami M, Kojima N (2002) An experimental and modeling study on stochastic aspects of microexplosion of binary-fuel droplets. Proc Combust Inst 29:551–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80071-2
Mikami M, Yagi T, Kojima N (1998) Occurrence probability of microexplosion in droplet combustion of miscible binary fuels. Symp Combust 27:1933–1941. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(98)80037-4
Muller HW, Friedrich R, Papathanassiou D (1998) Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Faraday Instability. In: Evolution of spontaneous structures in dissipative continuous systems, pp 230–265
Mura E, Calabria R, Califano V (2014) Emulsion droplet micro-explosion: analysis of two experimental approaches. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 56:69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2013.11.020
Pandey K, Basu S (2018) How boiling happens in nanofuel droplets. Phys Fluids 30:107103. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5048564
Pathak B, Basu S (2016a) Deformation pathways and breakup modes in acoustically levitated bicomponent droplets under external heating. Phys Rev E 93:033103. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.93.033103
Pathak B, Basu S (2016b) Phenomenology of break-up modes in contact free externally heated nanoparticle laden fuel droplets. Phys Fluids 28:123302. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4971162
Pathak B, Sanyal A, Basu S (2017) Experimental study of shape transition in an acoustically levitated and externally heated droplet. J Heat Transf 137:3–10. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4030922
Raju LT, Chakraborty S, Pathak B, Basu S (2018) Controlling self-assembly and topology at micro-nano length scales using a contact-free mixed nanocolloid droplet architecture. Langmuir 34:5323–5333. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00790
Rao DCK, Karmakar S (2018) Crown formation and atomization in burning multi-component fuel droplets. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 98:303–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.06.007
Rao DCK, Karmakar S, Basu S (2017a) Atomization characteristics and instabilities in the combustion of multi-component fuel droplets with high volatility differential. Sci Rep 7:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09663-7
Rao DCK, Karmakar S, Som SK (2017b) Puffing and micro-explosion behavior in combustion of butanol/Jet A-1 and acetone-butanol-ethanol (A-B-E)/Jet A-1 fuel droplets. Combust Sci Technol 189:1796–1812. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2017.1333502
Rao DCK, Syam S, Karmakar S, Joarder R (2017c) Experimental investigations on nucleation, bubble growth, and micro-explosion characteristics during the combustion of ethanol/Jet A-1 fuel droplets. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 89:284–294
Rao DCK, Karmakar S, Basu S (2018) Bubble dynamics and atomization mechanisms in burning multi-component droplets. Phys Fluids 30:067101
Rao DCK, Bhattacharya A, Basu S (2019) Marangoni driven breakup mechanism of an evaporating emulsified droplet. arXiv:190512238
Segawa D, Yamasaki H, Kadota T (2000) Water-coalescence in an oil-in-water emulsion droplet burning under microgravity. Proc Combust Inst 28:985–990. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(00)80305-7
Shaw BD, Dryer FL, Williams FA, Haggard JB (1988) Sooting and disruption in spherically symmetrical combustion of decane droplets in air. Acta Astronaut 17:1195–1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(88)90008-2
Shinjo J, Xia J, Ganippa LC, Megaritis A (2014) Physics of puffing and microexplosion of emulsion fuel droplets. Phys Fluids 26:103302. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4897918
Shitanishi K, Hasegawa K, Kaneko A, Abe Y (2014) Study on heat transfer and flow characteristic under phase-change process of an acoustically levitated droplet. Microgravity Sci Technol 26:305–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-014-9401-1
Villermaux E, Clanet C (2002) Life of a flapping liquid sheet. J Fluid Mech 462:341–363. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112002008376
Watanabe H, Okazaki K (2013) Visualization of secondary atomization in emulsified-fuel spray flow by shadow imaging. Proc Combust Inst 34:1651–1658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.07.005
Watanabe H, Suzuki Y, Harada T (2010) An experimental investigation of the breakup characteristics of secondary atomization of emulsified fuel droplet. Energy 35:806–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.08.021
Watanabe A, Hasegawa K, Abe Y (2018) Contactless fluid manipulation in air: droplet coalescence and active mixing by acoustic levitation. Sci Rep 8: 10221. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28451-5
Wolfe WI, Zissis G (1985) The infrared handbook office of naval research. Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
Zang D, Yu Y, Chen Z (2017) Acoustic levitation of liquid drops: dynamics, manipulation and phase transitions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 243:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2017.03.003
Zeng Y, Lee CF (2007) Modeling droplet breakup processes under micro-explosion conditions. Proc Combust Inst 31:2185–2193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2006.07.237
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Supplementary file2 (MP4 429 kb)
Supplementary file3 (MP4 907 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rao, D.C.K., Basu, S. Atomization modes for levitating emulsified droplets undergoing phase change. Exp Fluids 61, 41 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-019-2873-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-019-2873-4