Abstract
Purpose
The body mass index (BMI) may be associated with an increased incidence and aggressiveness of urological cancers. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of the BMI on survival in patients with T1G3 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).
Methods
A total of 1155 T1G3 NMIBC patients from 13 academic institutions were retrospectively reviewed and patients administered adjuvant intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy with maintenance were included. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to identify factors predictive of recurrence and progression.
Results
After re-TURBT, 288 patients (27.53%) showed residual high-grade NMIBC, while 867 (82.89%) were negative. During follow-up, 678 (64.82%) suffered recurrence, and 303 (30%) progression, 150 (14.34%) died of all causes, and 77 (7.36%) died of bladder cancer. At multivariate analysis, tumor size (hazard ratio [HR]:1.3; p = 0.001), and multifocality (HR:1.24; p = 0.004) were significantly associated with recurrence (c-index for the model:55.98). Overweight (HR: 4; p < 0.001) and obesity (HR:5.33 p < 0.001) were significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence. Addition of the BMI to a model that included standard clinicopathological factors increased the C-index by 9.9. For progression, we found that tumor size (HR:1.63; p < 0.001), multifocality (HR:1.31; p = 0.01) and concomitant CIS (HR: 2.07; p < 0.001) were significant prognostic factors at multivariate analysis (C-index 63.8). Overweight (HR: 2.52; p < 0.001) and obesity (HR: 2.521 p < 0.001) were significantly associated with an increased risk of progression. Addition of the BMI to a model that included standard clinicopathological factors increased the C-index by 1.9.
Conclusions
The BMI could have a relevant role in the clinical management of T1G3 NMIBC, if associated with bladder cancer recurrence and progression. In particular, this anthropometric factor should be taken into account at initial diagnosis and in therapeutic strategy decision making.
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Aknowledgements
M.D.V is supported by the Scholarship Foundation of the Republic of Austria—OeAD and by the EUSP Scholarship—European Association of Urology.
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MF, MDV, GIR, ARAF, VM, GL: protocol/project development. All authors: data collection or management. All authors: data analysis. MF,GIR, MDV, FC, GL: manuscript writing/editing
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest, nothing to declare.
Research involving human participants and/or animals
This is a retrospective study. Institutional review board approval was granted by means of a general waiver for studies with retrospective data analysis in each center. All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
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Written informed consent to take part was given by all participants.
Additional information
Giuseppe Lucarelli and Vincenzo Mirone shared senior authorship.
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Ferro, M., Vartolomei, M.D., Russo, G.I. et al. An increased body mass index is associated with a worse prognosis in patients administered BCG immunotherapy for T1 bladder cancer. World J Urol 37, 507–514 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-018-2397-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-018-2397-1