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Choline Chloride Mediates Chromium Tolerance in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) by Restricting its Uptake in Relation to Morpho-physio-biochemical Attributes

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Abstract

In the current industrial scenario, chromium (Cr) as a metal is of great importance but poses a major threat to the ecosystem. In the present study, the effect of different levels of Cr, i.e., 0 (no Cr), 50, and 100 µM in the soil on growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidants machinery (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants), ions uptake, organic acids exudation, and Cr uptake in different parts of plant were investigated with and without the exogenous application of choline chloride i.e., 0 (no choline chloride), 2–5 mM in Cr-stressed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Our results depicted that Cr addition to the soil significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, gas exchange attributes, and minerals uptake by S. oleracea as compared to the plants grown without addition of Cr. However, Cr toxicity boosted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the indication of oxidative stress in S. oleracea and was also manifested by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents and electrolyte leakage to the membrane-bounded organelles. Although activities of various antioxidative enzymes like superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and non-enzymatic antioxidants like phenolic, flavonoid, and ascorbic acid, anthocyanin contents initially increased up to a Cr level of 50 µM but decreased gradually with the further increased in the Cr level of 100 µM in the medium, compared to those plants which were grown in the control treatment. Results also revealed that the soluble sugar, reducing sugar, and non-reducing sugar were decreased in plants grown under elevating Cr levels but increased the Cr accumulation in the roots and shoots of S. oleracea. Although results also illustrated that the application of choline chloride also decreased Cr toxicity in S. oleracea seedlings by increasing antioxidant capacity and, thus, improved the plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, and decrease oxidative stress in the roots and shoots of S. oleracea seedlings, compared to those plants which were not artificially supplied by choline chloride. Research findings, therefore, suggested that the choline chloride application can ameliorate Cr toxicity in S. oleracea seedlings and resulted in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress as depicted by balanced exudation of organic acids.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan. The authors highly acknowledge the Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan for its support. The findings of this study are a part of Master’s studies of Sana Anwar.

Funding

No funding was provided for the present study.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Iqbal Hussain and Muhammad Hamzah Saleem have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Iqbal Hussain, Rizwan Rasheed, Muhammad Arslan Ashraf & Sana Anwar

  2. MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China

    Muhammad Hamzah Saleem

  3. Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan

    Sahar Mumtaz

  4. Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

    Faisal Maqsood

  5. School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China

    Muzammal Rehman

  6. Department of Bio-Sciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan

    Humaira Yasmin

  7. Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5110566, Valdivia, Chile

    Shakeel Ahmed

  8. Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ishtiaq

  9. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Shafaqat Ali

  10. Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan

    Shafaqat Ali

Authors
  1. Iqbal Hussain
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  2. Muhammad Hamzah Saleem
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  3. Sahar Mumtaz
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  4. Rizwan Rasheed
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  5. Muhammad Arslan Ashraf
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  6. Faisal Maqsood
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  7. Muzammal Rehman
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  8. Humaira Yasmin
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  9. Shakeel Ahmed
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  10. Muhammad Ishtiaq
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  11. Sana Anwar
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  12. Shafaqat Ali
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Contributions

IH, SA, and SM conceived and designed the study and MHS and SA has executed the experiment and compiled data. RR help in critical editing and revised manuscript. MAA statistically analyzed the data and help in chemical analysis. FM interpreted the results. MR and MHS wrote the manuscript. HY and SA critically edited and revised the manuscript. MI helped in sample collection and chemical analysis.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Muhammad Hamzah Saleem or Shafaqat Ali.

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Conflict of interest

There is no competing interest in the publication of this manuscript.

Ethical Approval

Ethical approval was taken from Department Ethical Review Committee to conduct study and no plants or experiments were harmed in this study.

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Written consent was sought from each author to publish the manuscript.

Consent to Participate

Informed consent was taken from formers to conduct the study and to collect the samples. They were briefed about the research plan in details.

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Hussain, I., Saleem, M.H., Mumtaz, S. et al. Choline Chloride Mediates Chromium Tolerance in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) by Restricting its Uptake in Relation to Morpho-physio-biochemical Attributes. J Plant Growth Regul 41, 1594–1614 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-021-10401-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-021-10401-7

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