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Formation of a single drop of molten steel following bursting of liquid film in a vertical steel plate illuminated by a high energy laser

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Abstract

The formation and dynamics of a single drop of liquid under the influence of gravity can be experienced as everyday phenomena, and have been the subject of scientific investigations since at least the work of Leonardo da Vinci in the early 1500s and Mariotte in the 1680s. Experiences with liquid drops in everyday life are captured by poets and artists as well as scientists, whose theoretical and experimental investigations develop fundamental understanding of drops with size < 1 mm to > 107 m. This paper presents observations of the formation of a single liquid drop of molten steel following bursting of a liquid film formed by illuminating a steel plate by a high energy laser. The hole morphology is analyzed with a proposed kinematic model of hole expansion for the very early stages in the bursting of the hole. Estimates of the hole eccentricity, area, perimeter, and circularity obtained from the model are presented and discussed. Experimental measurements show that a single drop of liquid steel detaches from the end of a neck that then cools to room temperature. Measurements also show that the liquid drop oscillates while falling under gravity. No satellite drops are observed.

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Acknowledgements

The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not reflect the position of the United States Military Academy, the Department of the Army, or the Department of Defense. M. Lanzerotti thanks Norah Stapleton (US Army) for bringing to her attention phase transitions in the 2019 paper “How soap bubbles freeze” by S. F. Ahmadi, S. Nath, C. M. Kingett, P. Yue, and J. B. Boreyko, in Nature Communications [103] and thanks J. B. Boreyko for discussions of the units (1/s) for the Rayleigh frequency in Eqn. 1.1 in [90]. M. Lanzerotti thanks K. Sutherland and A. Pinos (both at IDT Vision) for support with MotionStudio software; C. Gerving, T. Book, J. Capps, P. Chapman, B. Huff, T. Halverson, D. Phillips, and D. Kashinski (USMA) for discussions; J. Bishop and Z. Lachance (USMA) for assistance operating the laser and for cutting the steel sheets in the machine shop; and J. Bluman, R. Ellingsen, J. Keena, R. Wilson, and K. Meyer for support of USMA Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering and measurements of deflection of the steel plates after drop formation and cooling to room temperature. M. Lanzerotti, K. Allen, and J. Hartke acknowledge the Photonics Research Center, USMA, ARO, DE-JTO.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Arlington, VA, U.S.A.

    M. Y. Lanzerotti

  2. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, U.S.A.

    K. Brakke

  3. Department of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, U.S.A.

    K. Allen & J. Hartke

  4. Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, U.S.A.

    W. Blackmon

  5. Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, U.S.A.

    Amir H. Hirsa

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Lanzerotti, M.Y., Brakke, K., Allen, K. et al. Formation of a single drop of molten steel following bursting of liquid film in a vertical steel plate illuminated by a high energy laser. Appl. Phys. A 127, 638 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-04680-w

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