Abstract
Spinel cadmium ferrite thin films were prepared using spray pyrolysis technique. The structural analysis of synthesized CdFe2O4 thin films shows the spinel structure, which exhibits polycrystalline nature. Morphological study confirms that the crystallites of CdFe2O4 thin film have island-like nature. The size of the crystallite is recorded to be around 13.0–37 nm. Energy-dispersion spectroscopy confirms the presence of oxygen, iron and cadmium in cadmium ferrites film. The prepared CdFe2O4 thin film is extremely sensitive towards toxic benzene vapor molecules at ambient temperature. The resistance of synthesized CdFe2O4 thin film decreases considerably when this material is exposed to benzene vapor molecules. The selectivity, stability, recovery time, sensitivity and response time of CdFe2O4 thin film towards benzene vapor molecules were explored in the present study.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Hakim, Y.Y. Broza, O. Barash, N. Peled, M. Phillips, A. Amann, H. Haick, Volatile organic compounds of lung cancer and possible biochemical pathways. Chem. Rev. 112, 5949–5966 (2012)
M. Kampa, E. Castanas, Human health effects of air pollution. Environ. Pollut. 151, 362–367 (2008)
A.P. Jones, Indoor air quality and health. Atmos. Environ. 33, 4535–4564 (1999)
V. Nagarajan, A. Thayumanavan, MgFe2O4 thin films for detection of ethanol and acetone vapours. Surf. Eng. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2017.1383683
R. Pandeeswari, R.K. Karn, B.G. Jeyaprakash, Ethanol sensing behaviour of sol–gel dip-coated TiO2 thin films. Sens. Actuators, B. 194, 470–477 (2014)
V. Nagarajan, A. Thayumanavan, Spray deposited MnFe2O4 thin films for detection of ethanol and acetone vapors. Appl. Surf. Sci. 428, 748–756 (2018)
G.K. Mani, J.B.B. Rayappan, Selective detection of ammonia using spray pyrolysis deposited pure and nickel doped ZnO thin films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 311, 405–412 (2014)
WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants, ISBN 978 92 8900213 4, (2010)
P.B.C. Rao, S.P. Setty, Electrical properties of Ni-Zn nano ferrite particles. IJEST. 2, 351–3354 (2010)
Y.L.N. Murthy, I.V.K. Viswanath, T.K. Rao, R. Singh, Synthesis and characterization of nickel copper ferrite. Int J Chemtech Res. 1, 1308–1311 (2009)
F. Tudorache, E. Rezlescu, P.D. Popa, N. Rezlescu, Study of some simple ferrites as reducing gas sensors. J Optoelectron Adv M. 10, 1889–1893 (2008)
V. Jeseentharani, M. George, B. Jeyaraj, A. Dayalan, K.S. Nagaraja, Synthesis of metal ferrite (MFe2O4, M = Co, Cu, Mg, Ni, Zn) nanoparticles as humidity sensor materials. J. Exp. Nanosci. 8, 358–370 (2013)
X.D. Lou, S.P. Liu, D.Y. Shi, W.F. Chu, Ethanol-sensing characteristics of CdFe2O4 sensor prepared by sol–gel method. Mater. Chem. Phys. 105, 67–70 (2007)
L.F. Yang, Y.L. Wang, Q.H. Wang, X.X. Yi, Preparation and Gas-Sensing Properties of CdFe2O4 Semiconductor Materials. Adv. Mater. Res. 412, 331–335 (2012)
X.F. Chu, C.M. Zheng, Sulfide-sensing characteristics of MFe2O4 (M = Zn, Cd, Mg and Cu) thick film prepared by co-precipitation method. Sens. Actuators B. 96, 504–508 (2003)
C.H.S.S. Pavan Kumar, R. Pandeeswari, B.G. Jeyaprakash, Structural, morphological and optical properties of spray deposited Mn-doped CeO2 thin films. J. Alloys Compd. J. 602, 180–186 (2014)
C.P. Norris, Trends in Surface Science Research, Nova science publishers, Pub. Date: 2005, ISBN: 1-59454-178-7, p. 88, 2005
R. Chandiramouli, B.G. Jeyaprakash, Operating temperature dependent ethanol and formaldehyde detection of spray deposited mixed CdO and MnO thin films. RSC Adv. 5, 43930 (2015)
Y. Xu, M.A.A. Schoonen, The absolute energy positions of conduction and valence bands of selected semiconducting minerals. Am. Miner. 85, 543–556 (2000)
G. Singh, I.P.S. Kapoor, R. Dubey, P. Srivastava, Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of CdO nanocrystals. Mater. Sci. Eng. B. 176, 121–126 (2011)
R. Chandiramouli, B.G. Jeyaprakash, Review of CdO thin films. Solid State Sci. 16, 102–110 (2013)
Y. Liu, X.-S. Li, C. Shi, J.-L. Liu, A.-M. Zhu, B.W.-L. Jang, Ozone catalytic oxidation of adsorbed benzene over AgMn/HZSM-5 catalysts at room temperature. Catal. Sci. Technol. 4, 2589–2598 (2014)
Z. Lian, Z. Haidong, Reaction mechanism and Forced Concentration Oscillation Characteristics of Benzene Oxidation Process. Chin. J. of Chem. Eng. 1, 30–37 (1993)
G. Korotcenkov, Metal oxides for solid-state gas sensors: What determines our choice? Mater. Sci. Eng. B. 139, 1–23 (2007)
R. Pandeeswari, B.G. Jeyaprakash, Nanostructured α-MoO3 thin film as a highly selective TMA sensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 53, 182–186 (2014)
M.-T. Ke, M.-T. Lee, C.-Y. Lee, L.-M. Fu, A MEMS-based Benzene Gas Sensor with a Self-heating WO3 Sensing Layer. Sensors. 9, 2895–2906 (2009)
S.-Y. Jeong, J.-W. Yoon, T.-H. Kim, H.-M. Jeong, C.-S. Lee, Y.C. Kang, J.-H. Lee, Ultra-selective detection of sub-ppm-level benzene using Pd–SnO2 yolk–shell micro-reactors with a catalytic Co3O4 overlayer for monitoring air quality. J. Mater. Chem. A. 5, 1446–1454 (2017)
C. Feng, X. Li, C. Wang, Y. Sun, J. Zheng, G. Lu, Facile synthesis benzene sensor based on V2O5-doped SnO2 nanofibers. RSC Adv. 4, 47549 (2014)
N. Horzum, D. Tascioglu, C. Ozbek, S. Okur, M.M. Demir, VOC sensors based on a metal oxide nanofibrous membrane/QCM system prepared by electrospinning. New J. Chem. 38, 5761–5768 (2014)
L. Wang, S. Wang, M. Xu, X. Hu, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, W. Huang, A Au-functionalized ZnO nanowire gas sensor for detection of benzene and toluene. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 17179–17186 (2013)
B. Li, Y. Zhang, J. Liu, X. Xie, D. Zou, M. Li, J. Liu, Sensitive and selective system of benzene detection based on a cataluminescence sensor. Luminescence. 29, 332–337 (2014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nagarajan, V., Thayumanavan, A. CdFe2O4 thin films for the detection of benzene vapors. Appl. Phys. A 124, 155 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-1580-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-1580-y