Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Modifying Si-based consolidants through the addition of colloidal nano-particles

  • Published:
Applied Physics A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The modification of silicon-based stone consolidants has been the subject of many scientific studies aiming to overcome the commonly reported drawbacks of these materials, such as the tendency to shrink and crack during drying. The addition of nano-particle dispersions into silica matrix has been found to enhance their effectiveness in several ways. Objective of the current research was to study the preparation of particle-modified consolidants (PMC), consisting of an ethyl silicate matrix (TEOS) loaded with colloidal silica (SiO2) nano-particles and oxide titania (TiO2) particles. The effect of the polyacrylic acid on the dispersion stability was also investigated, by varying its concentration into PMC samples. The prepared materials were allowed to dry in two different relative humidity environments and then evaluated based on their stability in the sol phase, the aggregation sizes, determined through dynamic light scattering, the % solids content and their morphological characteristics, observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDAX). Mercury intrusion porosimetry was also applied to investigate the microstructural characteristics and differences between the prepared consolidants. Significant role in the final form of the material is played by both the initial molar ratios in the mixtures, as well as the conditions where the drying and aging takes place. Based on the results, the three-component PMCs appear to be promising in stone consolidation, as they show a reduction in cracking and shrinkage during drying and a more porous network, compared with the siliceous material, or the two-component TEOS-SiO2 formulation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. Delgado-Rodriguez, in Consolidation of Decayed Stones. A Delicate Problem With Few Practical Solutions, eds. by P.B. Lourenço, P. Roca. Proceedings of 3rd International Seminar on Historical Constructions (Universidad de Minho, Guimarães, 2001), pp. 3–14

  2. E. Doehne, C.A. Price, Stone Conservation: An Overview of Current Research, 2nd edn. (Getty Publications, Los Angeles, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  3. G.W. Scherer, G.S. Wheeler, Key Eng. Mater. 391, 1–25 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. J.R. Clifton, Stone Consolidating Materials: A Status Report (Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, 1980)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. C.V. Horie, Materials for Conservation: Organic Consolidants, Adhesives and Coatings, 2nd edn. (Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 2000)

    Google Scholar 

  6. J. Delgado Rodriques, A.P. Ferreira Pinto, J. Cult. Herit. 9, 38–53 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. G. Wheeler, J. Mendez-Vivar, E.S. Goins, S.A. Fleming, C.J. Brinker, in 9th International Conference on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000), pp. 541–545

  8. N.R. Weiss, I. Slavid, G. Wheeler, in 9th International Conference on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000), pp. 533–540

  9. M.J. Mosquera, D.M. de los Santos, A. Montes, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 852, 81–87 (2005)

  10. M.J. Mosquera, D.M. de los Santos, T. Rivas, P. Sanmartín, B. Silva, J. Nano Res. 8, 1–12 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. G.W. Scherer, C. Miliani, M.L. Velo-Simpson, J. Cult. Herit. 8, 1–6 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. E. Ksinopoulou, A. Bakolas, I.A. Kartsonakis, C.A. Charitidis, A. Moropoulou, Particle modified consolidants in the consolidation of porous stones, in 12th International Conference on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone (New York City, 2012)

  13. M. Escalante, J. Valenza, G.W. Scherer, in 9th International Conference on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000), pp. 459–465

  14. P. Baglioni, R. Giorgi, Soft Matter 2, 293–303 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. C.L. de Vasconcelos, M.R. Pereira, J.L. Fonseca, J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 26, 59–79 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. M.-H. Oh, J.-H. So, J.-D. Lee, S.-M. Yang, Korean J. Chem. Eng. 16, 532–537 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. K. Nakanishi, N. Soga, J. Non. Cryst. Solids 139, 1–13 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. K. Nakanishi, N. Soga, J. Non. Cryst. Solids 142, 45–54 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Wisniewska, K. Terpilowski, S. Chibowski, T. Urban, V.I. Zarko, V.M. Gun’ko, J. Macromol. Sci. Pure Appl. Chem. 50, 639–643 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. R.K. Iler, The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties and Biochemistry of Silica (Wiley, New York, 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  21. C. Salazar-Hernandez, R. Zarraga, S. Alonso, S. Sugita, S. Calixto, J. Cervantes, J. Sol–Gel Sci. Technol. 49, 301–310 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. D.S. Facio, M.J. Mosquera, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 7517–7526 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Yang, G.W. Scherer, G.S. Wheeler, Compatible consolidants, compatible materials for the protection of European Cultural Heritage. PACT 56, 201–208 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  24. L. Pinho, F. Elhaddad, D.S. Facio, M.J. Mosquera, Appl. Surf. Sci. 275, 389–396 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. L. Pinho, M.J. Mosquera, Appl. Catal. B 134–135, 205–221 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. W. Stober, A. Fink, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26, 62–69 (1968)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. E. Ksinopoulou, A. Bakolas, A. Moropoulou, J. Nano Res. 27, 143–152 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. A.K. Van Helden, J.W. Jansen, A. Vrij, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 81, 354–368 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. I.A. Rahman, V. Padavettan, J. Nanomater. 2012, 1–15 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. G.W. Scherer, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 73, 3–14 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund—ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program “Education and Lifelong Learning” of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF)—Research Funding Program: Heracleitus II, investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece

    E. Ksinopoulou, A. Bakolas & A. Moropoulou

Authors
  1. E. Ksinopoulou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Bakolas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Moropoulou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. Ksinopoulou.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ksinopoulou, E., Bakolas, A. & Moropoulou, A. Modifying Si-based consolidants through the addition of colloidal nano-particles. Appl. Phys. A 122, 267 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-9772-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-9772-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation