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Mesophotic reef fish assemblages of the remote St. Peter and St. Paul’s Archipelago, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil

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Abstract

Mesophotic reef fish assemblages (30–90 m depth) of the small and remote St. Peter and St. Paul’s Archipelago (SPSPA), Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil, were characterized using remotely operated vehicles. Ordination analyses identified distinct fish assemblages in the upper (30–50 m) and lower (50–90 m) mesophotic zones, the former characterized by high abundances of species that are also abundant at euphotic reefs (Caranx lugubris, Melichthys niger, Stegastes sanctipauli and Chromis multilineata) and the latter dominated by two mesophotic specialists (Prognathodes obliquus and Chromis enchrysura). Planktivores dominated fish assemblages, particularly in the upper mesophotic zone, possibly due to a greater availability of zooplankton coming from the colder Equatorial Undercurrent in mesophotic depths of the SPSPA. Turf algae, fleshy macroalgae and scleractinian corals dominated benthic assemblages between 30 and 40 m depth, while bryozoans, black corals and sponges dominated between 40 and 90 m depth. Canonical correspondence analysis explained 74 % of the relationship between environmental characteristics (depth, benthic cover and complexity) and structure of fish assemblages, with depth as the most important independent variable. Juveniles of Bodianus insularis and adults of P. obliquus and C. enchrysura were clearly associated with branching black corals (Tanacetipathes spp.), suggesting that black corals play key ecological roles in lower mesophotic reefs of the SPSPA. Results from this study add to the global database about mesophotic reef ecosystems (MREs) and provide a baseline for future evaluations of possible anthropogenic and natural disturbances on MREs of the SPSPA.

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Acknowledgments

We thank M. Villela, A.P.B. Moreira, L.S. Rodrigues and D. Sartor for field assistance and data collection; T. J. Mello for helping with data analyses; APA Fernando de Noronha/Rocas/São Pedro e São Paulo/ICMBio for providing research permits; and the crew of Transmar I and Transmar III, as well as Secretaria de Comissão Interministerial para os Recursos do Mar (SECIRM) for logistical support. Financial support was provided by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq (Grant 557185/09-2 to RBFF and 484875/2011-6 to GHPF). BPF, FLT, GMAF, PYGS, RBFF and RSR acknowledge individual grants from CNPq. GMAF, FLT and RLM acknowledge individual grants from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ). MRR acknowledges a doctoral fellowship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-120, Brazil

    Marcos Rogerio Rosa

  2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58059-900, Brazil

    Aline Cristina Alves

  3. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rio Tinto, PB, 58297-000, Brazil

    Diego Valverde Medeiros

  4. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, 58109-753, Brazil

    Ericka Oliveira Cavalcanti Coni & Camilo Moitinho Ferreira

  5. Departamento de Oceanografia, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil

    Beatrice Padovani Ferreira

  6. Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil

    Ricardo de Souza Rosa

  7. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Gilberto Menezes Amado-Filho

  8. Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, SP, 11030-400, Brazil

    Guilherme Henrique Pereira-Filho

  9. Instituto de Biologia and SAGE/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21944-970, Brazil

    Rodrigo Leão de Moura & Fabiano Lopes Thompson

  10. Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-120, Brazil

    Paulo Yukio Gomes Sumida

  11. Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rio Tinto, PB, 58297-000, Brazil

    Ronaldo Bastos Francini-Filho

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  1. Marcos Rogerio Rosa
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  2. Aline Cristina Alves
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  3. Diego Valverde Medeiros
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  13. Ronaldo Bastos Francini-Filho
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Correspondence to Ronaldo Bastos Francini-Filho.

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Rosa, M.R., Alves, A.C., Medeiros, D.V. et al. Mesophotic reef fish assemblages of the remote St. Peter and St. Paul’s Archipelago, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil. Coral Reefs 35, 113–123 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-015-1368-x

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