Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Plant economy of hunter-gatherer groups at the end of the last Ice Age: plant macroremains from the cave of Santa Maira (Alacant, Spain) ca. 12000–9000 b.p.

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Vegetation History and Archaeobotany Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Up till now, plant macroremains of hunter-gatherer groups at the end of the last Ice Age and the very early Holocene have very rarely been investigated on the Iberian Peninsula and elsewhere. The use of systematic recovery techniques at the archaeological cave site of Santa Maira has allowed the recovery of a large amount of plant remains (fruits, seeds and wood) from Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic levels (12000–9000 b.p.) Charcoal analysis has allowed us to reconstruct the surrounding vegetation of the site. In the valley bottoms mesophilous woodland with Quercus was present even in the lowest layers (Upper Magdalenian) During the Late-glacial Juniperus was very important, in the early Holocene Quercus (both evergreen and deciduous) took over. Large numbers of macroremains of fruits (Quercus sp., Sorbus sp., Olea sp. and Vitis sp.) were found, but a significant quantity of legumes together with a few grass seeds have also been identified. This assemblage most probably represents the gathering of wild plant resources by the inhabitants of the cave, and allows us to reconstruct some of the food gathered from plant resources.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aura, J. E., Villaverde, V., González Morales, M., González Sainz, C., Zilhao, J., & Strauss, L. G. (1998). The Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the Iberian Peninsula: continuity and change in human adaptations. Quaternary International, 49/50, 87–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aura, J. E., Seguí, J., Pérez Ripoll, M. Verdasco, C., Cotino, F., Pérez Herrero, C., Soler, B., García Puchol, O., Vidal, S., Carbalyo, I., & Nebot, B. (2000). Les Coves de Santa Maira (Castell de Castells, la Marina alta, Alacant): primeros datos arqueológicos y cronológicos. Recerques del Museu d'Alcoi, 9, 75–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aura Tortosa, J. E. (2001). Cazadores emboscados. El Epipaleolítico en el País Valenciano. In V. Villaverde, (Ed.), De Neandertales a Cromañones. El inicio del poblamiento humano en tierras valencianas. (pp. 219–238). València: Universitat de València.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badal, E. (1990). Aportaciones de la antracología al estudio del paisaje vegetal y su evolución en el cuaternario reciente, en la costa mediterránea del País Valenciano y Andalucía (18000–3000 B.P.). Unpubl. doctoral thesis, Universitat de València.

  • Badal, E. (1998). El interés económico del pino piñonero para los habitantes de la Cueva de Nerja. In P. Sanchidrián, & L. Simón (Eds.), Las culturas del Pleistoceno superior en Andalucía, (pp. 287–300). Málaga: Patronato de la cueva de Nerja.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badal, E., Bernabeu, J., & Vernet, J. L. (1994). Vegetation changes and human action from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age (7000–4000 B.P.) in Alicante, Spain, based on charcoal analysis. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 3, 155–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badal, E., & Carrion Marco, Y. (2001). Del Glaciar al Interglaciar: los paisajes vegetales a partir de los restos carbonizados hallados en las cuevas de Alicante. In Villaverde, V. (Ed.), De Neandertales a Cromañones. El inicio del poblamiento humano en tierras valencianas, (pp. 21–40). Universitat de València.

  • Butler, A. (1991). The Viciae: problems of identification. In J. M. Renfrew (Ed.), New Light on Early Farming. Recent Developments in Palaeoethnobotany. (pp. 61–74). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buxó i Capdevila, R. (1997). Arqueología de las plantas. la explotación económica de las semillas y los frutos en el marco mediterráneo de la península Ibérica. Critica/Arqueología, Barcelona.

  • Cacho, C., Fumanal, M. P., López, P., López, J. A., Pérez-Ripoll, M., Martínez Valle, R., Uzquiano, P., Arnanz, A., Sánchez, A., Sevilla, P., Morales, A., Roselló, E., Garralda, M. D., & García, M. (1995). El Tossal de la Roca (Vall d'Alcalà, Alicante). Reconstrucción paleoambiental y cultural de la transición del Tardiglaciar al Holoceno inicial. Recerques del Museu d'Alcoi, 4, 11–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrión, J. S., & Dupre, M. (1996). Late Quaternary vegetational history at Navarrés, eastern Spain. A two core approach. New Phytologist, 134, 177–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrión, J. S., Munuera, M., & Navarro, C. (1998). The palaeoenvironment of Carihuela Cave (Granada, Sapin): a reconstruction on the basis of palynological investigations of cave sediments. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 99, 317–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carrión Marco, Y. (2002). Charcoal analysis at La Falaguera rockshelter (Alcoi, Alacant, Spain) from the Mesolithic to the Bronze Age: landscape and use of plant resources. In S. Thiébault (Ed.), Charcoal analysis. Methodological approaches, palaeoecological results and wood uses. Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Anthracology, Paris, September 2000. B.A.R. International Series, 1063, pp. 103–108.

  • Costantini, L., Piperno, M., & Tusa, S. (1987). La néolithisation de la Sicile occidentale d'après les résultats des fouilles à la Grotte de l'Uzzo (Trapani). In J. Guilaine, J. Courtin, J. Roudil, & J. L. Vernet (Eds.), Premières communautés paysannes en Méditerranée occidentale. (pp. 397–406). Paris.

  • Chabal, L. (1988). Pourquoi et comment prélever les charbons du bois pour la période antique: les methods utilisées sur le site de Lattes (Hérault). Lattara, 1, 187–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chabal, L., Fabre, L., Terral, J.-F., & Théry-Parisot, I. (1999) L'anthracologie. In C. Bourquin-Mignot, J. E. Brochier, L. Chabal, S. Crozat, L. Fabre, F. Guibal, P. Marinval, H. Richard, J. F. Terral, & I. Théry (Eds.), La Botanique. (pp. 43–104). Paris: Errance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia Puchol, O., Barton, M., Bernabeu, J., & Aura, J. E. (2003). Las ocupaciones prehistóricas en el Barranc de l'Encantada (Beniarrés, Alacant). Un primer balance de las intervenciones arqueológicas en el área a través del análisis del registro lítico. Recerques del Museu d'Alcoi, 11, 25–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia Puchol, O., Molina Balaguer, L., & García Robles, R. (2004). El arte levantino y el proceso de neolitización en el arco mediterráneo peninsular: el contexto arqueológico y su significado. Archivo de Prehistoria Levantina, 25, 61–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greguss, P. (1955). Identification of Living Gymnosperms on the Basis of Xylotomy. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greguss, P. (1959). Holzanatomie der Europaïschen Laubhölzer und Straücher. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, J. M., & Renfrew, J. (1978). The earliest seed remains from Greece: Palaeolithic through Neolithic at Franchthi Cave, Greece. Nature, 271, 350–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillman, G. C. (1989). Late Palaeolithic plant foods from Wadi Kubbaniya in Upper Egypt: dietary diversity, infant weaning, and seasonality in a riverine environment. In D. R. Harris, & G. C. Hillman (Eds.), Foraging and Farming. The Evolution of Plant exploitation. (pp. 207–239). London: Unwin and Hyman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holden, T. G., Hather, J. G., & Watson, J. P. N. (1995). Mesolithic plant exploitation at the Roc del Migdia, Catalonia. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22, 769–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacomet, S. (2004) Archaeobotany. A vital tool in the investigation of lake-dwellings. In F. Menotti (Ed.), Living on the Lake in Prehistoric Europe. 150 years of Lake-Dwelling Research.(pp. 162–177). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacquiot, C. (1955). Atlas d'anatomie des bois des conifères. Paris: Centre Technique des Bois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacquiot, C., Trenard, Y., & Dirol, D. (1973). Atlas d'anatomie des bois des angiospermes (Essences feuillues). Paris: Centre Technique des Bois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juan-Cabanilles, J., & Martí Oliver, B. (2002). Poblamiento y procesos culturales en la Penísula Ibérica del VII milenio a.C. (8000–5500 B.P.). Una cartografia de la neolitización. Saguntum, Extra 5, 45–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubell, D., Jackes, M., Schwarcz, H., Knyf, M., & Meiklejohn, C. (1994). The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Portugal: isotopic and dental evidence of diet. Journal of Archaeological Science, 21, 201–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marinval, P. (1988). Cueillette, agriculture et alimentation végétale de l'épipaleolithique jusqu'au 2ème Âge du Fer en France meridionale: apports palethnographiques de la carpologie. Thèse pour le Doctorat, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris.

  • Mateo Sanz, G., & Crespo Villalba, M. B. (1990). Claves para la Flora Valenciana. Ed. Del Cenia al Segura, València.

  • Metcalfe, C. R. (1960). Anatomy of Monocotyledons, Vol I, Gramineae. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

  • Metcalfe, C. R., & Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of Dicotyledons. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peña Chocarro, L. (1999). Prehistoric agriculture in southern Spain during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. The application of ethnographic models. BAR International Series 818, Oxford: Archaeopress.

  • Pons, A., & Reille, M. (1988). The Holocene and Upper Pleistocene pollen record from Padul (Granada, Spain): a new study. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 66, 243–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schweingruber, F. H. (1978). Mikroskopische Holzanatomie. Zürcher, Zug.

  • Schweingruber, F. H. (1990). Anatomie europäischer Hölzer. Haupt, Bern.

  • Vaquer, J., Geddes, D., Barbaza, M., & Erroux, J. (1986). Mesolithic plant exploitation at the Balma Abeurador (France). Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 5, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vázquez Pardo, F. M., Ramos Maqueda, S., Doncel Pérez, E., & Pérez Jordà, G. (2004). La recolección de bellotas: aspectos de su procesado y caracterización. In A. Rodríguez Díaz (Ed.), El edificio Protohistórico de la Mata (Campanario, Badajoz) y su estudio territorial. (pp. 423–432). Cáceres: Universidad de Extremadura.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verdasco Cebrián, C. (1999). Estudio Geoarqueológico en los valles interiores del País Valenciano: les Coves de Santa Maira (Castell de Castells, Alacant) y el tránsito entre el finipleistoceno y Holoceno. Memoria de Licenciatura, Universitat de València.

  • Verdasco Cebrián, C. (2002). Man: agent of accumulation and alteration of natural deposits. Quaternary International, 93/94, 215–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vernet, J. L. (1973). Étude sur l'histoire de la végétation du sud-est de la France au Quaternaire, d'après les charbons de bois principalement. Paléobiologie Continentale, 4(1).

  • Vernet, J. L., Bazile, E., & Evin, J. (1979). Coordination des analyses anthracologiques et des datations absolues sur charbons de bois. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Français, 76, 76–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiltshire, P. E. J. (1995). The effect of food processing on the palatability of wild fruits with high tannin content. In H. Kroll, & R. Pasternak (Eds.), Res Archaeobotanicae, 9th Symposium IWGP. (pp. 385–397). Kiel: Oetger-Voges.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapata Peña, L. (2000). La recolección de plantas silvestres en la subsistencia mesolítica y neolítica. Datos arqueobotánicos del Pais Vasco. Complutum, 11, 157–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapata, L., Cava, A., Iriarte, M. J., Barybar, J. P., & Rua, C. de la (2002). Mesolithic plant use in the western Pyrenees: implications for vegetation change, use of food and human diet. In S. L. R. Mason, & J. G. Hather (Eds.), Hunter-gatherer Archaeobotany. (pp. 96–107). London: Institute of Archaeology, University College London.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank A. Butler for the revision of the legumes studied in this paper and for all her valuable comments. We also want to thank L. Peña Chocarro and L. Zapata for the English translation and for their comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guillem Pérez Jordà.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Aura, J.E., Carrión, Y., Estrelles, E. et al. Plant economy of hunter-gatherer groups at the end of the last Ice Age: plant macroremains from the cave of Santa Maira (Alacant, Spain) ca. 12000–9000 b.p. . Veget Hist Archaeobot 14, 542–550 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-005-0002-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-005-0002-1

Keywords

Navigation