Abstract
In Antarctica, fungi occupy different niches and interact with different living things; but its importance in these niches and interactions is still poorly understood. An example of an interaction reported from Antarctica involves fungi and the Antarctic mosses, in which the fungi formed rings on the carpets of mosses. However, due to the complexity of these fungi, information about these is limited, and they have not been completely characterized yet. The Antarctic region is vulnerable to climatic change, and abiotic factors can influence the growth of fungi. This may impact the pathogenic interactions between the mosses and the fungi. The aim of this study was to identify, characterize, and evaluate the pathogenic potential of a fungus isolated from moss samples Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske. The material for this study was collected from King George Island during the Brazilian Antarctic Expedition XXXI. Through taxonomic, molecular, and phylogenetic methods, the isolate was identified as belonging to the genus Trichoderma. The isolate inhibited the growth of the moss Physcomitrium acutifolium Broth. in vitro and caused complete discolouration of its gametophytes. The physiological characterization of the isolate revealed that it was psychrotolerant with optimal growth at 20 °C, producing amylase and protease at temperatures of both 10 and 30 °C and cellulase at 10 °C only. These results suggest that an increase in temperature may enhance the occurrence of ring-forming fungi in mosses in Antarctica.
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Acknowledgements
This work integrates the National Institute of Science and Technology Antarctic Environmental Research (INCT-APA) that receives scientific and financial support from the National Council for Research and Development (CNPq process: n° 574018/2008–5), Carlos Chagas Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ n° E-16/170.023/2008) and Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) for providing scholarship. The authors also acknowledge the support of the Brazilian Ministries of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI), of Environment (MMA) and Inter-Ministry Commission for Sea Resources (CIRM).
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Online Resource 1: Disc diffusion method modified, after 9 days.
Online Resource 2: Average radial mycelial growth of the isolated FIMA 666-5 in different treatments. The letters represent statistical averages (p < 0.05). 1 = 1 °C; 2 = 5 °C; 3 = 10 °C; 4 = 20 °C; 5 = 30 °C; 6 = − 6 °C
Online Resource 3: Gametophytes submitted to fungal extract 50% (A); Control without addition of fungal extract (B). Both after 7 days incubation.
Online Resource 4 Confrontation test: gametophytes 10 days of incubation: (A); gametophytes with 12 days of incubation (B); gametophytes 15 days of incubation (C).
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de Menezes, G.C.A., Alves, R.P., de Carvalho Victoria, F. et al. Study of physiological and enzymatic properties and characterization of pathogenic activity of a fungus isolated from moss Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske in Antarctica. Polar Biol 42, 783–792 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02473-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02473-9