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Polystyrene nanoparticles affect the innate immune system of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri

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Abstract

Plastic debris has been recognised as a potential stressor for Antarctic marine organisms. In this study, the effects of surface charged polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) on the immune cells (coelomocytes) of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri were assessed through in vitro short-term cultures. The behaviour of anionic carboxylated (PS-COOH) and cationic amino-modified (PS-NH2) NPs in filtered natural sea water (NSW) from King George Island (South Shetland Islands) was characterised by dynamic light scattering. Cellular morphology, NP uptake, phagocytic capacity and gene expression were evaluated after 6 and 24 h of exposure to 1 and 5 µg mL−1 PS NPs. Secondary characterisation showed an initial good dispersion of PS NPs in NSW, followed by nano-scale aggregation after 24 h. Both PS NPs affected cellular phagocytosis and generated an inflammatory response against oxidative stress and apoptosis at the molecular level. Fluorescently labelled PS-COOH aggregates were internalised by phagocytes and associated to the modulation of genes related to external challenges, antioxidant responses and cell protection against stress and apoptosis. Exposure to PS-NH2 caused a strong decrease in phagocytic capacity and the formation of cellular debris at 5 µg mL−1 after 24 h, but low gene modulation, suggesting a threshold in coelomocytes defence ability against PS-NH2. This study represents the first attempt to assess the impact of nanoplastics on Antarctic marine organisms. Our findings demonstrate that PS NPs with different surface charges constitute a challenge for S. neumayeri immune cells.

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Acknowledgements

This study was performed in the framework of Plastics in Antarctic EnvironmenT (PLANET) project, funded by the Italian National Antarctic Program (PNRA 14_00090), in collaboration with the Brazilian Antarctic Program (PROANTAR 407904/2013–1) and the Chilean Antarctic Institute (INACH). The authors gratefully acknowledge Javier Cristobo (Spanish Institute of Oceanography IEO) for providing the animals, Mario Costa Cruz and Prof. Chao Yun Irene Yan (Centre of Facilities to Support Research, University of São Paulo CEFAP-USP, FAPESP 2009/53994–8) for their valuable support in confocal microscopy. Nanoparticle characterisation by Dynamic Light Scattering analysis was conducted at facilities of the Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy of the University of Siena (Italy).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy

    E. Bergami & I. Corsi

  2. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05509-900, Brazil

    A. Krupinski Emerenciano & J. R. M. C. Silva

  3. Scientific Department, Chilean Antarctic Institute, Plaza Muñoz Gamero 1055, 6200965, Punta Arenas, Chile

    M. González-Aravena, C. A. Cárdenas & P. Hernández

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  1. E. Bergami
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Correspondence to E. Bergami.

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Bergami, E., Krupinski Emerenciano, A., González-Aravena, M. et al. Polystyrene nanoparticles affect the innate immune system of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. Polar Biol 42, 743–757 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02468-6

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