Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) has features that appear supporting an infectious cause with a secondary deranged inflammatory/autoimmune response. The association of KD in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and the presence of KD in patients with immunodeficiency disorders support the infectious theory. We present four KD patients associated with immunodeficiencies: one with X-linked agammaglobulinemia, one with HIV infection, and two with leukemia; one of these patients also had Down syndrome. We did a literature search to find out all reported cases of immunodeficiency with KD in children. In immunodeficiency disorders, the inability of the immune system to eradicate the pathogens coupled to an exaggerated inflammatory response, especially in chronic granulomatous disease, may lead to the development of KD. The study of patients with immunodeficiencies complicated with KD may shed light into the etiopathogenesis of the disease.
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The authors thank Dr. Alberto Unzueta for editing and helpful discussions.
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Case 1 was diagnosed and followed up by LAZ, PCO, LARH, JOO and MAYN. FRL, MGG, and MAYN were involved in the caring of Case 2 and Case 3, and Case 4 was diagnosed and followed up by FOM, GLH, and MAYN. LAZ, PCO, LARH, and MAYN wrote the manuscript. Literature data were searched and analyzed by all the authors. The final version was read corrected and approved by all the authors.
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Dr. Marco Antonio Yamazaki-Nakashimada has received lecture fees from Shire, CSL Behring and Octapharma, and the other authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interests.
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Rivas-Larrauri, F., Aguilar-Zanela, L., Castro-Oteo, P. et al. Kawasaki disease and immunodeficiencies in children: case reports and literature review. Rheumatol Int 39, 1829–1838 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-019-04382-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-019-04382-w