Abstract
Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA, such as psoriatic arthritis, PsA, and ankylosing spondylitis, AS) are characterized by an imbalance between osteoclast (OC) bone resorption and osteoblast (OB) bone formation. The two conditions present substantial differences in bone involvement, which is probably related to the different expression of IL17 and TNFα, two cytokines that strongly promote osteoclastogenesis and focal bone erosions. TNFα is the major inflammatory cytokine in RA. It acts by both triggering OC bone erosion via the RANK–RANKL system, and suppressing OB bone formation through the overexpression of DKK1, a powerful inhibitor of the WNT bone anabolic signaling pathway. Differing from TNFα, IL17 promotes also osteogenesis, particularly at inflamed sites undergoing mechanical stress, such as entheses. Therefore, in RA, where overexpression of TNFα is higher than IL17, OC bone resorption largely prevails upon bone formation. In PsA and AS, the prevailing inflammatory cytokine is IL17, which promotes also osteogenesis. Given the prevalent involvement of entheses poor of OC, excess bone formation may even prevail over excess bone resorption. The results of clinical trials support the different pathophysiology of bone involvement in chronic arthritis. Inflammation control through anti-TNFα agents has not resulted in incomparable effects on radiographic progression and excess bone formation in both AS and PsA. Clinical trials investigating IL17 inhibitors, such as secukinumab, in patients with psoriatic disease are underway. The preliminary results on inflammation and symptoms appear positive, while long-term studies are required to demonstrate an effect on excess bone formation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adami S, Kanis JA (1995) Assessment of involutional bone loss: methodological and conceptual problems. J Bone Miner Res 10:511–517. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650100402
Seeman E, Delmas PD (2006) Bone quality—the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N Engl J Med 354:2250–2261. doi:10.1056/NEJMra053077
Martin TJ, Seeman E (2008) Bone remodelling: its local regulation and the emergence of bone fragility. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 22:701–722. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2008.07.006
Kassem M, Marie PJ (2011) Senescence-associated intrinsic mechanisms of osteoblast dysfunctions. Aging Cell 10:191–197. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00669.x
Marie PJ, Kassem M (2011) Extrinsic mechanisms involved in age related defective bone formation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:600–609. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2113
Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL (2003) Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature 423:337–342. doi:10.1038/nature01658
Takahashi N, Akatsu T, Udagawa N, Sasaki T, Yamaguchi A, Moseley JM, Martin TJ, Suda T (1988) Osteoblastic cells are involved in osteoclast formation. Endocrinology 123:2600–2602. doi:10.1210/endo-123-5-2600
Yasuda H, Shima N, Nakagawa N et al (1998) Identity of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) and osteoprotegerin (OPG): a mechanism by which OPG/OCIF inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Endocrinology 139:1329–1337. doi:10.1210/endo.139.3.5837
Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL et al (1998) Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 93:165–176. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81569-X
Wong BR, Rho J, Arron J, Robinson E, Orlinick J, Chao M, Kalachikov S, Cayani E, Bartlett FS 3rd, Frankel WN, Lee SY, Choi Y (1997) TRANCE is a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase in T cells. J Biol Chem 272:25190–25194. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.40.25190
Baron R, Rawadi G (2007) Minireview: targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to regulate bone formation in the adult skeleton. Endocrinology 148:2635–2643. doi:10.1210/en.2007-0270
Canalis E, Giustina A, Bilezikian JP (2007) Mechanisms of anabolic therapies for osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 357:905–906. doi:10.1056/NEJMra067395
Spencer GJ, Utting JC, Etheridge SL, Arnett TR, Genever PG (2006) Wnt signaling in osteoblasts regulates expression of the receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand and inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro. J Cell Sci 119:1283–1296. doi:10.1242/jcs.02883
Glass DA 2nd, Bialek P, Ahn JD, Starbuck M, Patel MS, Clevers H, Taketo MM, Long F, McMahon AP, Lang RA, Karsenty G (2005) Canonical WNT signaling in differentiated osteoblasts controls osteoclast differentiation. Dev Cell 8:751–764. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2005.02.017
Rossini M, Gatti D, Adami S (2013) Involvement of WNT/β-catenin signaling in the treatment of osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 93:121–132. doi:10.1007/s00223-013-9749-z
Li J, Sarosi I, Cattley RC et al (2006) Dkk1- mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling in bone results in osteopenia. Bone 39:754–766. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2006.03.017
Tian E, Zhan F, Walker R, Rasmussen E, Ma Y, Barlogie B, Shaughnessy JD Jr (2003) The role of the Wnt-signaling antagonist DKK1 in the development of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 349:2483–2494. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030847
Calvi LM, Adams GB, Weibrecht KW, Weber JM, Olson DP, Knight MC, Martin RP, Schipani E, Divieti P, Bringhurst FR, Milner LA, Kronenberg HM, Scadden DT (2003) Osteoblastic cells regulate the haematopoietic stem cell niche. Nature 425:841–846. doi:10.1038/nature02040
Miyamoto K, Yoshida S, Kawasumi M et al (2011) Osteoclasts are dispensable for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and mobilization. J Exp Med 208:2175–2181. doi:10.1084/jem.20101890
Finzel S, Rech J, Schmidt S, Engelke K, Englbrecht M, Schett G (2013) Interleukin-6 receptor blockade induces limited repair of bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis: a micro CT study. Ann Rheum Dis 72:396–400. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-201075
Finzel S, Rech J, Schmidt S, Engelke K, Englbrecht M, Stach C, Schett G (2011) Repair of bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis treated with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors is based on bone apposition at the base of the erosion. Ann Rheum Dis 70:1587–1593. doi:10.1136/ard.2010.148395
Bromley M, Woolley DE (1984) Chondroclasts and osteoclasts at subchondral sites of erosion in the rheumatoid joint. Arthritis Rheum 27:968–975. doi:10.1002/art.1780270902
Gravallese EM, Harada Y, Wang JT, Gorn AH, Thornhill TS, Goldring SR (1998) Identification of cell types responsible for bone resorption in rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Pathol 152:943–951
Kong YY, Feige U, Sarosi I et al (1999) Activated T cells regulate bone loss and joint destruction in adjuvant arthritis through osteoprotegerin ligand. Nature 402:304–309. doi:10.1038/46303
Pettit AR, Ji H, von Stechow D, Müller R, Goldring SR, Choi Y, Benoist C, Gravallese EM (2001) TRANCE/RANKL knockout mice are protected from bone erosion in a serum transfer model of arthritis. Am J Pathol 159:1689–1699. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63016-7
Herman S, Mueller R, Kroenke G, Zerina J, Redlich K, Hueber AJ, Gelse H, Neumann E, Müller-Ladner U, Schett G (2008) Induction of osteoclast-associated receptor, a key osteoclast costimulation molecule, in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 58:3041–3050. doi:10.1002/art.23943
Jarrett SJ, Conaghan PG, Sloan VS, Papanastasiou P, Ortmann CE, O’Connor PJ, Grainger AJ, Emery P (2006) Preliminary evidence for a structural benefit of the new bisphosphonate zoledronic acid in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 54(5):1410–1414. doi:10.1002/art.21824
McQueen F, Lloyd R, Doyle A, Robinson E, Lobo M, Exeter M, Taylor WJ, Jones P, Reid IR, Dalbeth N (2011) Zoledronic acid does not reduce MRI erosive progression in PsA but may suppress bone oedema: the Zoledronic Acid in Psoriatic Arthritis (ZAPA) Study. Ann Rheum Dis 70:1091–1094. doi:10.1136/ard.2010.142539
Cohen SB, Dore RK, Lane NE, Ory PA, Peterfy CG, Sharp JT, van der Heijde D, Zhou L, Tsuji W, Newmark R (2008) Denosumab treatment effects on structural damage, bone mineral density, and bone turnover in rheumatoid arthritis: a twelve-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 58:1299–1309. doi:10.1002/art.23417
Deodhar A, Dore RK, Mandel D, Schechtman J, Shergy W, Trapp R, Ory PA, Peterfy CG, Fuerst T, Wang H, Zhou L, Tsuji W, Newmark R (2010) Denosumab-mediated increase in hand bone mineral density associated with decreased progression of bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 62:569–574. doi:10.1002/acr.20004
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2013) Drug approvals and databases. Denosumab. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ApprovedDrugs/ucm356667.htm?source=govdelivery. Accessed 11 Oct 2014
Nakashima T, Takayanagi H (2009) Osteoimmunology: crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. J Clin Immunol 29:555–567. doi:10.1007/s10875-009-9316-6
Takayanagi H (2012) New developments in osteoimmunology. Nat Rev Rheumatol 8:684–689. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2012.167
Horwood NJ, Kartsogiannis V, Quinn JM, Romas E, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT (1999) Activated T lymphocytes support osteoclast formation in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 265:144–150. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1623
Ritchlin CT, Haas-Smith SA, Li P, Hicks DG, Schwarz EM (2003) Mechanisms of TNF-alpha- and RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in psoriatic arthritis. J Clin Invest 111:821–831. doi:10.1172/JCI200316069
Chiu YG, Shao T, Feng C, Mensah KA, Thullen M, Schwarz EM, Ritchlin CT (2010) CD16 (FcRgammaIII) as a potential marker of osteoclast precursors in psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 12:R14. doi:10.1186/ar2915
Mirosavljevic D, Quinn JM, Elliott J, Horwood NJ, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT (2003) T-cells mediate an inhibitory effect of interleukin-4 on osteoclastogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 18(6):984–993. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.6.984
Li P, Schwarz EM, O’Keefe RJ, Ma L, Boyce BF, Xing L (2004) RANK signaling is not required for TNFα-mediated increase in CD11 OC precursors but is essential for mature OC formation in TNFα-mediated inflammatory arthritis. J Bone Miner Res 19:207–213. doi:10.1359/JBMR.0301233
Chabaud M, Garnero P, Dayer JM, Guerne PA, Fossiez F, Miossec P (2000) Contribution of interleukin 17 to synovium matrix destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Cytokine 12:1092–1099. doi:10.1006/cyto.2000.0681
Agarwal S, Misra R, Aggarwal A (2008) Interleukin 17 levels are increased in juvenile idiopathic arthritis synovial fluid and induce synovial fibroblasts to produce proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. J Rheumatol 35:515–519
Harrington LE, Hatton RD, Mangan PR, Turner H, Murphy TL, Murphy KM, Weaver CT (2005) Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages. Nat Immunol 6:1123–1132. doi:10.1038/ni1254
Miossec P, Kolls JK (2012) Targeting IL17 and TH17 cells in chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 11:763–776. doi:10.1038/nrd3794
Yosef N, Shalek AK, Gaublomme JT et al (2013) Dynamic regulatory network controlling TH17 cell differentiation. Nature 496:461–468. doi:10.1038/nature11981
Park H, Li Z, Yang XO, Chang SH, Nurieva R, Wang YH, Wang Y, Hood L, Zhu Z, Tian Q, Dong C (2005) A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17. Nat Immunol 6:1133–1141. doi:10.1038/ni1261
Hu Y, Shen F, Crellin NK, Ouyang W (2011) The IL17 pathway as a major therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases. Ann NY Acad Sci 1217:60–76. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05825.x
Sato W, Aranami T, Yamamura T (2007) Cutting edge: human Th17 cells are identified as bearing CCR2+CCR5− phenotype. J Immunol 178:7525–7529. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7525
Chan AC, Carter PJ (2012) Therapeutic antibodies for autoimmunity and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 10:301–316. doi:10.1038/nri2761
Yeo L, Toellner KM, Salmon M, Filer A, Buckley CD, Raza K, Scheel-Toellner D (2011) Cytokine mRNA profiling identifies B cells as a major source of RANKL in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 70:2022–2028. doi:10.1136/ard.2011.153312
Boumans MJ, Thurlings RM, Yeo L, Scheel-Toellner D, Vos K, Gerlag DM, Tak PP (2012) Rituximab abrogates joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. Ann Rheum Dis 71(1):108–113. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200198
Yeo L, Lom H, Juarez M, Snow M, Buckley CD, Filer A, Raza K, Scheel-Toellner D (2015) Expression of FcRL4 defines a pro-inflammatory, RANKL-producing B cell subset in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 74(5):928–935. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204116
Onal M, Xiong J, Chen X, Thostenson JD, Almeida M, Manolagas SC, O’Brien CA (2012) RANKL expression by B lymphocytes contributes to ovariectomy-induced bone loss. J Biol Chem 287:29851–29860. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.377945
Harre U, Georgess D, Bang H et al (2012) Induction of Osteoclastogenesis and bone loss by human autoantibodies against citrullinated vimentin. J Clin Invest 122:1791–1802. doi:10.1172/JCI60975
Chabaud M, Fossiez F, Taupin JL, Miossec P (1998) Enhancing effect of IL17 on IL-1-induced IL-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor production by rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes and its regulation by Th2 cytokines. J Immunol 161:409–414
Rouvier E, Luciani MF, Mattéi MG, Denizot F, Golstein P (1993) CTLA-8, cloned from an activated T cell, bearing AU-rich messenger RNA instability sequences, and homologous to a herpesvirus saimiri gene. J Immunol 150:5445–5556
Chabaud M, Durand JM, Buchs N, Fossiez F, Page G, Frappart L, Miossec P (1999) Human interleukin-17: a T cell-derived proinflammatory cytokine produced by the rheumatoid synovium. Arthritis Rheum 42:963–970. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<963:AID-ANR15>3.0.CO;2-E
Chabaud M, Miossec P (2001) The combination of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade with interleukin-1 and interleukin-17 blockade is more effective for controlling synovial inflammation and bone resorption in an ex vivo model. Arthritis Rheum 44:1293–1303. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(200106)44:6<1293:AID-ART221>3.0.CO;2-T
Lubberts E, Joosten LA, Oppers B, van den Bersselaar L, Coenen-de Roo CJ, Kolls JK, Schwarzenberger P, van de Loo FA, van den Berg WB (2001) IL-1-independent role of IL17 in synovial inflammation and joint destruction during collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol 167:1004–1013. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.1004
Adami S, Cavani A, Rossi F, Girolomoni G (2014) The role of interleukin-17A in psoriatic disease. BioDrugs 28:487–497. doi:10.1007/s40259-014-0098-x
Ziolkowska M, Koc A, Luszczykiewicz G, Ksiezopolska-Pietrzak K, Klimczak E, Chwalinska-Sadowska H, Maslinski W (2000) High levels of IL17 in rheumatoid arthritis patients: IL-15 triggers in vitro IL17 production via cyclosporine A-sensitive mechanism. J Immunol 164:2832–2838. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2832
Katz Y, Nadiv O, Beer Y (2001) Interleukin-17 enhances tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced synthesis of interleukin 1, 6 and 8 in skin and synovial fibroblasts: a possible role as a “fine-tuning cytokine” in inflammation process. Arthritis Rheum 44:2176–2184. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(200109)44:9<2176:AID-ART371>3.0.CO;2-4
Jovanovic DV, Di Battista JA, Martel-Pelletier J, Jolicoeur FC, He Y, Zhang M, Mineau F, Pelletier JP (1998) IL17 stimulates the production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1beta and TNF alpha, by human macrophages. J Immunol 160:3513–3521
Ruddy MJ, Wong GC, Liu XK, Yamamoto H, Kasayama S, Kirkwood KL, Gaffen SL (2004) Functional cooperation between interleukin-17 and tumor necrosis factor-α is mediated by CCAAT/enhancer binding protein family members. J Biol Chem 279:2559–2567. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308809200
Notley CA, Inglis JJ, Alzabin S, McCann FE, McNamee KE, Williams RO (2008) Blockade of tumor necrosis factor in collagen-induced arthritis reveals a novel immunoregulatory pathway for Th1 and Th17 cells. J Exp Med 205(11):2491–2497. doi:10.1084/jem.20072707
Hull DN, Williams RO, Pathan E, Alzabin S, Abraham S, Taylor PC (2015) Anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment increases circulating T helper type 17 cells similarly in different types of inflammatory arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. doi:10.1111/cei.12626
Kikly K, Liu L, Na S, Sedgwick JD (2006) The IL-23/Th(17) axis: therapeutic targets for autoimmune inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 18:670–675. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2006.09.008
Raychaudhuri SP (2013) Role of IL17 in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Clin Rev Allerg Immunol 44:183–1893. doi:10.1007/s12016-012-8307-1
Gaffen SL (2008) An overview of IL17 function and signalling. Cytokine 43:402–407. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.017
McInnes IB, Sieper J, Braun J, Emery P, van der Heijde D, Isaacs JD, Dahmen G, Wollenhaupt J, Schulze-Koops H, Kogan J, Ma S, Schumacher MM, Bertolino AP, Hueber W, Tak PP (2014) Efficacy and safety of secukinumab, a fully human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriatic arthritis: a 24-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II proof-of-concept trial. Ann Rheum Dis 73:349–356. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202646
McInnes IB, Mease PJ, Kirkham B, Kavanaugh A, Ritchlin CT, Rahman P, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Conaghan PG, Gottlieb AB, Richards H, Pricop L, Ligozio G, Patekar M, Mpofu S, FUTURE 2 Study Group (2015) Secukinumab, a human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriatic arthritis (FUTURE 2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61134-5
Genovese MC, Durez P, Richards HB, Supronik J, Dokoupilova E, Aelion JA, Lee SH, Codding CE, Kellner H, Ikawa T, Hugot S, Ligozio G, Mpofu S (2014) One-year efficacy and safety results of secukinumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis:phase II, dose-finding, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Rheumatol 41:414–421. doi:10.3899/jrheum.130637
Evans DM, Spencer CC, Pointon JJ et al (2011) Interaction between ERAP1 and HLA-B27 in ankylosing spondylitis implicates peptide handling in the mechanism for HLA-B27 in disease susceptibility. Nat Genet 43:761–767. doi:10.1038/ng.873
Cortes A, Hadler J, Pointon JP et al (2013) Identification of multiple risk variants for ankylosing spondylitis through high-density genotyping of immune-related loci. Nat Genet 45:730–738. doi:10.1038/ng.2667
Sherlock JP, Joyce-Shaikh B, Turner SP, Chao CC, Sathe M, Grein J, Gorman DM, Bowman EP, McClanahan TK, Yearley JH, Eberl G, Buckley CD, Kastelein RA, Pierce RH, Laface DM, Cua DJ (2012) IL-23 induces spondyloarthropathy by acting on ROR-γt+CD3+CD4-CD8- entheseal resident T cells. Nat Med 18:1069–1076. doi:10.1038/nm.2817
Ruutu M, Thomas G, Steck R, Degli-Esposti MA, Zinkernagel MS, Alexander K, Velasco J, Strutton G, Tran A, Benham H, Rehaume L, Wilson RJ, Kikly K, Davies J, Pettit AR, Brown MA, McGuckin MA, Thomas R (2012) β-glucan triggers spondylarthritis and Crohn’s disease-like ileitis in SKG mice. Arthritis Rheum 64:2211–2222. doi:10.1002/art.34423
Appel H, Maier R, Wu P, Scheer R, Hempfing A, Kayser R, Thiel A, Radbruch A, Loddenkemper C, Sieper J (2011) Analysis of IL17(+) cells in facet joints of patients with spondyloarthritis suggests that the innate immune pathway might be of greater relevance than the Th17-mediated adaptive immune response. Arthritis Res Ther 13:R95. doi:10.1186/ar3370
Noordenbos T, Yeremenko N, Gofita I, van de Sande M, Tak PP, Caňete JD, Baeten D (2012) Interleukin-17-positive mast cells contribute to synovial inflammation in spondylarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 64:99–109. doi:10.1002/art.33396
Baeten D, Baraliakos X, Braun J et al (2013) Anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody secukinumab in treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 382:1705–1713. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61134-4
Layh-Schmitt G, Colbert RA (2008) The interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis in spondyloarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 20:392–397. doi:10.1097/BOR.0b013e328303204b
Wendling D, Cedoz JP, Racadot E, Dumoulin G (2007) Serum IL17, BMP-7, and bone turnover markers in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Joint Bone Spine 74:304–305. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.11.005
Singh R, Aggarwal A, Misra R (2007) Th1/Th17 cytokine profiles in patients with reactive arthritis/undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy. J Rheumatol 34:2285–2290
Shen H, Goodall JC, Hill Gaston JS (2010) Frequency and phenotype of T helper 17 cells in peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with reactive arthritis. J Rheumatol 37:2096–2099
Zhang L, Li YG, Li YH, Qi L, Liu XG, Yuan CZ, Hu NW, Ma DX, Li ZF, Yang Q, Li W, Li JM (2012) Increased frequencies of Th22 cells as well as Th17 cells in the peripheral blood of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS ONE 7:e31000. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031000
Kenna TJ, Davidson SI, Duan R, Bradbury LA, McFarlane J, Smith M, Weedon H, Street S, Thomas R, Thomas GP, Brown MA (2012) Enrichment of circulating interleukin-17–secreting interleukin-23 receptor–positive γ/δ T cells in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 64:1420–1429. doi:10.1002/art.33507
Zrioual S, Toh ML, Tournadre A, Zhou Y, Cazalis MA, Pachot A, Miossec V, Miossec P (2008) IL17RA and IL17RC receptors are essential for IL17A-induced ELR + CXC chemokine expression in synoviocytes and are overexpressed in rheumatoid blood. J Immunol 180:655–663. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.655
Shen F, Gaffen SL (2008) Structure–function relationships in the IL17 receptor: implications for signal transduction and therapy. Cytokine 41:92–104. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2007.11.013
Sato K, Suematsu A, Okamoto K, Yamaguchi A, Morishita Y, Kadono Y, Tanaka S, Kodama T, Akira S, Iwakura Y, Cua DJ, Takayanagi H (2006) Th17 functions as an osteoclastogenic helper T cell subset that links T cell activation and bone destruction. J Exp Med 203:2673–2682. doi:10.1084/jem.20061775
Acosta-Rodriguez EV, Napolitani G, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F (2007) Interleukins 1beta and 6 but not transforming growth factor-beta are essential for the differentiation of interleukin 17-producing human T helper cells. Nat Immunol 8:942–949. doi:10.1038/ni1496
Romas E, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ (2002) Involvement of receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Bone 30:340–346. doi:10.1016/S8756-3282(01)00682-2
Kotake S, Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Matsuzaki K, Itoh K, Ishiyama S, Saito S, Inoue K, Kamatani N, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ, Suda T (1999) IL17 in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis is a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis. J Clin Invest 103:1345–1352. doi:10.1172/JCI5703
Sadik CD, Kim ND, Alekseeva E, Luster AD (2011) IL17RA signaling amplifies antibody-induced arthritis. PLoS ONE 6:e26342. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026342
Pickens SR, Chamberlain ND, Volin MV, Gonzalez M, Pope RM, Mandelin AM 2nd, Kolls JK, Shahrara S (2011) Anti-CXCL5 therapy ameliorates IL17-induced arthritis by decreasing joint vascularization. Angiogenesis 14:443–455. doi:10.1007/s10456-011-9227-z
Koenders MI, Marijnissen RJ, Devesa I, Lubberts E, Joosten LA, Roth J, van Lent PL, van de Loo FA, van den Berg WB (2011) Tumor necrosis factor-interleukin-17 interplay induces S100A8, interleukin-1 beta, and matrix metallo proteinases, and drives irreversible cartilage destruction in murine arthritis: rationale for combination treatment during arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 63:2329–2339. doi:10.1002/art.30418
Lubberts E, Joosten LA, van de Loo FA, Schwarzenberger P, Kolls J, van den Berg WB (2002) Overexpression of IL17 in the knee joint of collagen type II immunized mice promotes collagen arthritis and aggravates joint destruction. Inflamm Res 51:102–104
Balani D, Aeberli D, Hofstetter W, Seitz M (2013) Interleukin-17A stimulates granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor release by murine osteoblasts in the presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and inhibits murine osteoclast development in vitro. Arthritis Rheum 65:436–446. doi:10.1002/art.37762
Diarra D, Stolina M, Polzer K, Zwerina J, Ominsky MS, Dwyer D, Korb A, Smolen J, Hoffmann M, Scheinecker C, van der Heide D, Landewe R, Lacey D, Richards WG, Schett G (2007) Dickkopf-1 is a master regulator of joint remodeling. Nat Med 13:156–163. doi:10.1038/nm1538
Huang H, Zhao N, Xu X, Xu Y, Li S, Zhang J, Yang P (2011) Dose-specific effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Prolif 44:420–427. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00769.x
Osta B, Lavocat F, Eljaafari A, Miossec P (2014) Effects of interleukin-17A on osteogenic differentiation of isolated human mesenchymal stem cells. Front Immunol 5:425. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00425
Eyerich K, Pennino D, Scarponi C, Foerster S, Nasorri F, Behrendt H, Ring J, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Albanesi C, Cavani A (2009) IL17 in atopic eczema: linking allergenspecific adaptive and microbial-triggered innate immune response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123:59–66. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.031
Ye P, Rodriguez FH, Kanaly S, Stocking KL, Schurr J, Schwarzenberger P, Oliver P, Huang W, Zhang P, Zhang J, Shellito JE, Bagby GJ, Nelson S, Charrier K, Peschon JJ, Kolls JK (2001) Requirement of interleukin 17 receptor signaling for lung CXC chemokine and granulocyte colonystimulating factor expression, neutrophil recruitment, and host defense. J Exp Med 194:519–527. doi:10.1084/jem.194.4.519
Martin-Orozco N, Muranski P, Chung Y, Yang XO, Yamazaki T, Lu S, Hwu P, Restifo NP, Overwijk WW, Dong C (2009) T helper 17 cells promote cytotoxic T cell activation in tumor immunity. Immunity 31:787–798. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.09.014
Parachuru VP, Coates DE, Milne TJ, Hussaini HM, Rich AM, Seymour GJ (2014) Forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T-cells and interleukin 17-positive T-helper 17 cells in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 49:817–826. doi:10.1111/jre.12169
Corneth OB, Mus AM, Asmawidjaja PS, Klein Wolterink RG, van Nimwegen M, Brem MD, Hofman Y, Hendriks RW, Lubberts E (2014) Absence of interleukin-17 receptor A signaling prevents autoimmune inflammation of the joint and leads to a Th2-like phenotype in collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 66:340–349. doi:10.1002/art.38229
Pennino D, Eyerich K, Scarponi C, Carbone T, Eyerich S, Nasorri F, Garcovich S, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Albanesi C, Cavani A (2010) IL17 amplifies human contact hypersensitivity by licensing hapten nonspecific Th1 cells to kill autologous keratinocytes. J Immunol 184:4880–4888. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901767
Katayama M, Ohmura K, Yukawa N, Terao C, Hashimoto M, Yoshifuji H, Kawabata D, Fujii T, Iwakura Y, Mimori T (2013) Neutrophils are essential as a source of IL17 in the effector phase of arthritis. PLoS ONE 8:e62231. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062231
Hueber AJ, Asquith DL, Miller AM, Reilly J, Kerr S, Leipe J, Melendez AJ, McInnes IB (2010) Mast cells express IL17A in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. J Immunol 184:3336–3340. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903566
Suurmond J, Dorjée AL, Boon MR, Knol EF, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM, Schuerwegh AJM (2011) Mast cells are the main interleukin 17-positive cells in anticitrullinated protein antibody-positive and -negative rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis synovium. Arthritis Res Ther 13:R150. doi:10.1186/ar3466
Crisp AJ, Chapman CM, Kirkham SE, Schiller AL, Krane SM (1984) Articular mastocytosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 27:845–851. doi:10.1002/art.1780270802
Kopicky-Burd JA, Kagey-Sobotka A, Peters SP, Dvorak AM, Lennox DW, Lichtenstein LM, Wigley FM (1988) Characterization of human synovial mast cells. J Rheumatol 15:1326–1333
Bridges AJ, Malone DG, Jicinsky J, Chen M, Ory P, Engber W, Graziano FM (1991) Human synovial mast cell involvement in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Relationship to disease type, clinical activity, and antirheumatic therapy. Arthritis Rheum 34:1116–1124. doi:10.1002/art.1780340907
Gotis-Graham I, McNeil HP (1997) Mast cell responses in rheumatoid synovium. Association of the MCTC subset with matrix turnover and clinical progression. Arthritis Rheum 40:479–489. doi:10.1002/art.1780400314
Ceponis A, Konttinen YT, Takagi M, Xu JW, Sorsa T, Matucci-Cerinic M, Santavirta S, Bankl HC, Valent P (1998) Expression of stem cell factor (SCF) and SCF receptor (c-kit) in synovial membrane in arthritis: correlation with synovial mast cell hyperplasia and inflammation. J Rheumatol 25:2304–2314
Frewin DB, Cleland LG, Jonsson JR, Robertson PW (1986) Histamine levels in human synovial fluid. J Rheumatol 13:13–14
Malone DG, Irani AM, Schwartz LB, Barrett KE, Metcalfe DD (1986) Mast cell numbers and histamine levels in synovial fluids from patients with diverse arthritides. Arthritis Rheum 29:956–963. doi:10.1002/art.1780290803
Buckley MG, Walters C, Wong WM, Cawley MI, Ren S, Schwartz LB, Walls AF (1997) Mast cell activation in arthritis: detection of alpha- and beta-tryptase, histamine and eosinophil cationic protein in synovial fluid. Clin Sci (Lond) 93:363–370. doi:10.1042/cs0930363
Brodeur JP, Ruddy S, Schwartz LB, Moxley G (1991) Synovial fluid levels of complement SC5b-9 and fragment Bb are elevated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 34:1531–1537. doi:10.1002/art.1780341209
Lavery JP, Lisse JR (1994) Preliminary study of the tryptase levels in the synovial fluid of patients with inflammatory arthritis. Ann Allergy 72:425–427
Guo Y, Wu Q, Ni B, Mou Z, Jiang Q, Cao Y, Dong H, Wu Y (2014) Tryptase is a candidate autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunology 142:67–77. doi:10.1111/imm.12197
Rossini M, Zanotti R, Bonadonna P, Artuso A, Caruso B, Schena D, Vecchiato D, Bonifacio M, Viapiana O, Gatti D, Senna G, Riccio A, Passalacqua G, Pizzolo G, Adami S (2011) Bone mineral density, bone turnover markers and fractures in patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis. Bone 49:880–885. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2011.07.004
Rossini M, Zanotti R, Viapiana O, Tripi G, Orsolini G, Idolazzi L, Bonadonna P, Schena D, Escribano L, Adami S, Gatti D (2014) Bone involvement and osteoporosis in mastocytosis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 34:383–396. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2014.01.011
Bader-Meunier B, Bulai Livideanu C, Larroche C et al (2014) Association of mastocytosis with inflammatory joint diseases: a series of 31 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 44:362–365. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.05.016
Happel KI, Zheng M, Young E, Quinton LJ, Lockhart E, Ramsay AJ, Shellito JE, Schurr JR, Bagby GJ, Nelson S, Kolls JK (2003) Cutting edge: roles of Toll-like receptor 4 and IL 23 in IL 17 expression in response to Klebsiella pneumonia infection. J Immunol 170:4432–4436. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.9.4432
Sutton C, Lalor SJ, Sweeney CM, Brereton CF, Lavelle EC, Mills KHG (2009) Interleukin 1 and IL 23 induce innate IL 17 production from γδ T cells, amplifying TH17 responses and autoimmunity. Immunity 31:331–341. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.08.001
Rachitskaya AV, Hansen AM, Horai R, Li Z, Villasmil R, Luger D, Nussenblatt RB, Caspi RR (2008) Cutting edge: NKT cells constitutively express IL 23 receptor and RORγt and rapidly produce IL 17 upon receptor ligation in an IL 6 independent fashion. J Immunol 180:5167–5171. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5167
Pöllinger B, Junt T, Metzler B, Walker UA, Tyndall A, Allard C, Bay S, Keller R, Raulf F, Di Padova F, O’Reilly T, Horwood NJ, Patel DD, Littlewood-Evans A (2011) TH17 cells, not IL 17 + γδ T cells, drive arthritic bone destruction in mice and humans. J Immunol 186:2602–2612. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1003370
Rossini M, Adami S, Viapiana O, Tripi G, Zanotti R, Ortolani R, Vella A, Troplini S, Gatti D (2013) Acute phase response after zoledronic acid is associated with long-term effects on white blood cells. Calcif Tissue Int 93:249–252. doi:10.1007/s00223-013-9750-6
Viapiana O, Gatti D, Idolazzi L, Fracassi E, Adami S, Troplini S, Povino MR, Rossini M (2014) Bisphosphonates vs infliximab in ankylosing spondylitis treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford) 53:90–94. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ket321
Borrero CG, Mountz JM, Mountz JD (2011) Emerging MRI methods in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 7:85–95. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2010.173
Proulx ST, Kwok E, You Z, Papuga MO, Beck CA, Shealy DJ, Calvi LM, Ritchlin CT, Awad HA, Boyce BF, Xing L, Schwarz EM (2008) Elucidating bone marrow edema and myelopoiesis in murine arthritis using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 58:2019–2029. doi:10.1002/art.23546
Lukas C, van der Heijde D, Fatenejad S, Landewé R (2010) Repair of erosions occurs almost exclusively in damaged joints without swelling. Ann Rheum Dis 69:851–855. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.119156
Møller Døhn U, Boonen A, Hetland ML, Hansen MS, Knudsen LS, Hansen A, Madsen OR, Hasselquist M, Møller JM, Østergaard M (2009) Erosive progression is minimal, but erosion healing rare, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with adalimumab. A 1-year investigator-initiated follow-up study using high-resolution computed tomography as the primary outcome measure. Ann Rheum Dis 68:1585–1590. doi:10.1136/ard.2008.097048
Matzelle MM, Gallant MA, Condon KW, Walsh NC, Manning CA, Stein GS, Lian JB, Burr DB, Gravallese EM (2012) Resolution of inflammation induces OB function and regulates the Wnt signaling pathway. Arthritis Rheum 64:1540–1550. doi:10.1002/art.33504
Brown AK, Conaghan PG, Karim Z, Quinn MA, Ikeda K, Peterfy CG, Hensor E, Wakefield RJ, O’Connor PJ, Emery P (2008) An explanation for the apparent dissociation between clinical remission and continued structural deterioration in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 58:2958–2967. doi:10.1002/art.23945
Walsh NC, Reinwald S, Manning CA, Condon KW, Iwata K, Burr DB, Gravallese EM (2009) OB function is compromised at sites of focal bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis. J Bone Miner Res 24:1572–1585. doi:10.1359/jbmr.090320
Luyten FP, Tylzanowski P, Lories RJ (2009) Wnt signaling and osteoarthritis. Bone 44:522–527. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.12.006
Appel H, Ruiz-Heiland G, Listing J, Zwerina J, Herrmann M, Mueller R, Haibel H, Baraliakos X, Hempfing A, Rudwaleit M, Sieper J, Schett G (2009) Altered skeletal expression of sclerostin and its link to radiographic progression in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 60:3257–3562. doi:10.1002/art.24888
Kwon SR, Lim MJ, Suh CH, Park SG, Hong YS, Yoon BY, Kim HA, Choi HJ, Park W (2012) Dickkopf-1 level is lower in patients with ankylosing spondylitis than in healthy people and is not influenced by anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Rheumatol Int 32:2523–2527. doi:10.1007/s00296-011-1981-0
Daoussis D, Liossis SN, Solomou EE, Tsanaktsi A, Bounia K, Karampetsou M, Yiannopoulos G, Andonopoulos AP (2010) Evidence that Dkk 1 is dysfunctional in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 62:150–158. doi:10.1002/art.27231
Heiland GR, Appel H, Poddubnyy D, Zwerina J, Hueber A, Haibel H, Baraliakos X, Listing J, Rudwaleit M, Schett G, Sieper J (2012) High level of functional dickkopf-1 predicts protection from syndesmophyte formation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 71:572–574. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200216
Rossini M, Viapiana O, Adami S, Fracassi E, Idolazzi L, Dartizio C, Povino MR, Orsolini G, Gatti D (2015) In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Dickkopf-1 serum levels are correlated with parathyroid hormone, bone erosions and bone mineral density. Clin Exp Rheumatol 33:77–83
Lories R (2011) The balance of tissue repair and remodeling in chronic arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 7:700–707. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2011.156
Schett G (2014) Bone formation in psoriatic arthritis: a report from the GRAPPA 2013 annual meeting. J Rheumatol 41:1218–1219. doi:10.3899/jrheum.140173
McGonagle D, Lories RJ, Tan AL, Benjamin M (2007) The concept of a ‘‘synovio-entheseal complex’’ and its implications for understanding joint inflammation and damage in psoriatic arthritis and beyond. Arthritis Rheum 56:2482–2491. doi:10.1002/art.22758
Maksymowych WP, Chiowchanwisawakit P, Clare T, Pedersen SJ, Østergaard M, Lambert RG (2009) Inflammatory lesions of the spine on magnetic resonance imaging predict the development of new syndesmophytes in ankylosing spondylitis: evidence of a relationship between inflammation and new bone formation. Arthritis Rheum 60:93–102. doi:10.1002/art.24132
Poggenborg RP, Wiell C, Bøyesen P, Boonen A, Bird P, Pedersen SJ, Sørensen IJ, Madsen OR, Slot O, Møller JM, Hasselquist M, Kubassova O, Østergaard M (2014) No overall damage progression despite persistent inflammation in adalimumab-treated psoriatic arthritis patients: results from an investigator-initiated 48-week comparative magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and radiography trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 53:746–756. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ket426
van der Heijde D, Salonen D, Weissman BN, Landewé R, Maksymowych WP, Kupper H, Ballal S, Gibson E, Wong R (2009) Assessment of radiographic progression in the spines of patients with ankylosing spondylitis treated with adalimumab for up to 2 years. Arthritis Res Ther 11(4):R127. doi:10.1186/ar2794
van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Einstein S, Ory P, Vosse D, Ni L, Lin SL, Tsuji W, Davis JC Jr (2008) Radiographic progression of ankylosing spondylitis after up to two years of treatment with etanercept. Arthritis Rheum 58(5):1324–1331. doi:10.1002/art.23471
van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Baraliakos X, Houben H, van Tubergen A, Williamson P, Xu W, Baker D, Goldstein N, Braun J (2008) Radiographic findings following two years of infliximab therapy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 58(10):3063–3070. doi:10.1002/art.23901
Haroon N, Inman RD, Learch TJ, Weisman MH, Lee M, Rahbar MH, Ward MM, Reveille JD, Gensler LS (2013) The impact of tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors on radiographic progression in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 65(10):2645–2654. doi:10.1002/art.38070
Haroon N (2014) The effect of tumor necrosis factor-blockade on new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis: what is the evidence? Curr Opin Rheumatol 26(4):389–394. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000077
Baraliakos X, Braun J, Sieper J, Baeten DL, Readie A, Ligozio G, Richards H (2015) Secukinumab reduces sacroiliac joint and spinal inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: MRI data from a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 74(2):281
van der Heijde D, Landewé RBM, Mease PJ, McInnes IB, Conaghan PG, Pricop L, Ligozio G, Richards H, Mpofu S (2014) Secukinumab, a monoclonal antibody to interleukin-17A, provides significant and sustained inhibition of joint structural damage in active psoriatic arthritis regardless of prior TNF inhibitors or concomitant methotrexate: a phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 66:S424
Tan AL, Tanner SF, Waller ML, Hensor EM, Burns A, Jeavons AP, Bury RF, Emery P, McGonagle D (2013) High-resolution [18F]fluoride positron emission tomography of the distal interphalangeal joint in psoriatic arthritis–a bone-enthesis-nail complex. Rheumatology (Oxford) 52:898–904. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kes384
Idolazzi L, Vantaggiato E, Salgarello M, Perandini S, Fassio A, Povino MR, Fracassi E, Viapiana O, Gatti D, Rossini M, Adami S (2015) 18F-Fluoride PET/CT for detection of axial involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 74(2):1158. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.3789
Funding
Editorial assistance for the preparation of this manuscript was provided by Luca Giacomelli, Ph.D., and Ambra Corti, on behalf of Content Ed Net; this assistance was funded by Novartis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All the authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rossini, M., Viapiana, O., Adami, S. et al. Focal bone involvement in inflammatory arthritis: the role of IL17. Rheumatol Int 36, 469–482 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-015-3387-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-015-3387-x