Abstract
The CRG1 gene in Cercospora nicotianae encodes a transcription factor and is required for cercosporin toxin resistance and production. Cloning and sequencing of the downstream region of the CRG1 gene led to the discovery of an adjacent gene (PUT1) encoding a putative uracil transporter. Expression of CRG1 and PUT1 as assessed by Northern analysis indicated that, in addition to the expected monocistronic mRNAs (2.6 kb and 2.0 kb, respectively), a common 4.5-kb mRNA could be identified, using either a CRG1 or a PUT1 gene probe. The 2.6-kb transcript identified only by the CRG1 probe was expressed constitutively, whereas the 2.0-kb transcript identified only by the PUT1 probe was differentially expressed in various media. Four cDNA clones containing CRG1, PUT1, and the CRG1–PUT1 intergenic region were identified as part of the products from the 4.5-kb transcript. Both the 4.5-kb and 2.6-kb transcripts were not detectable in three crg1-disrupted mutants, using the CRG1 probe. The 2.0-kb transcript, but not the 4.5-kb one was detected using the PUT1 probe in the three crg1-disrupted mutants. Taken together, we conclude that the 4.5-kb transcript is a dicistronic mRNA of both CRG1 and PUT1 in the fungus C. nicotianae. This is the first example of a dicistronic mRNA identified in filamentous fungi.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schaffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 25:3389–3402
Andrews J, Smith M, Merakovsky J, Coulson M, Hannan F, Kelly LE (1996) The stoned locus of Drosophila melanogaster produces a dicistronic transcript and encodes two distinct polypeptides. Genetics 143:1699–1711
Blumenthal T (1998) Gene clusters and polycistronic transcription in eukaryotes. BioEssays 20:480–487
Blumenthal T, Evans D, Link CD, Guffanti A, Lawson D, Thierry-Mieg J, Thierry-Mieg D, Chiu WL, Duke K, Kiraly M, Kim SK (2002) A global analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans operons. Nature 417:797–798
Chanfreau G, Rotondo G, Legrain P, Jacquier A (1998) Processing of a dicistronic small nucleolar RNA precursor by the RNA endonuclease Rnt1. EMBO J 17:3726–3737
Chung KR (2003) Involvement of calcium/calmodulin signaling in cercosporin toxin biosynthesis by Cercospora nicotianae. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:1187–1196
Chung KR, Leuchtmann A, Schardl CL (1996) Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA and plasmids in the ascomycetous fungus, Epichloë typhina. Genetics 142:259–265
Chung KR, Jenns AE, Ehrenshaft M, Daub ME (1999) A novel gene required for cercosporin toxin resistance in the fungus Cercospora nicotianae. Mol Gen Genet 262:382–389
Chung KR, Ehrenshaft M, Daub ME (2002) Functional expression and cellular localization of cercosporin-resistance proteins fused with the GFP in Cercospora nicotianae. Curr Genet 41:159–167
Chung KR, Daub ME, Kuchler K, Schüller C (2003) The CRG1 gene required for resistance to the singlet oxygen-generating cercosporin toxin in Cercospora nicotianae encodes a putative fungal transcription factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 302:302–310
Daub ME (1982) Peroxidation of tobacco membrane lipids by the photosensitizing toxin, cercosporin. Plant Physiol 69:1361–1364
Daub ME, Ehrenshaft M (2000) The photoactivated Cercospora toxin cercosporin: contributions to plant disease and fundamental biology. Annu Rev Phytopathol 38:461–490
Daub ME, Hangarter RP (1983) Production of singlet oxygen and superoxide by the fungal toxin, cercosporin. Plant Physiol 73:855–857
Dobrowolski DC, Foote CS (1983) Chemistry of singlet oxygen. 46. Quantum yield of cercosporin-sensitized singlet oxygen formation. Angew Chem 95:729–730
Ehrenshaft M, Daub ME (2001) Isolation of PDX2, a second novel gene in the pyridoxine biosynthesis pathway of eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and a subset of eubacteria. J Bacteriol 183:3383–3390
Ehrenshaft M, Jenns AE, Chung KR, Daub ME (1998) SOR1, a gene required for photosensitizer and singlet oxygen resistance in Cercospora fungi, is highly conserved in divergent organisms. Mol Cell 1:603–609
Ehrenshaft M, Bilski P, Li M, Chignell CF, Daub ME (1999a) A highly conserved sequence is a novel gene involved in de novo vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:9374–9378
Ehrenshaft M, Chung KR, Jenns AE, Daub ME (1999b) Functional characterization of SOR1, a gene required for resistance to photosensitizing toxins in the fungus Cercospora nicotianae. Curr Genet 34:478–485
Fears S, Mathieu C, Zeleznik-Le N, Huang S, Rowley JD, Nucifora G (1996) Intergenic splicing of MDS1 and EVI1 occurs in normal tissues as well as in myeloid leukemia and produces a new member of the PR domain family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:1642–1647
García-Ríos M, Fujita T, LaRosa PC, Locy RD, Clithero JM, Bressan RA, Csonka LN (1997) Cloning of a polycistronic cDNA from tomato encoding γ-glutamyl kinase and γ-gultamyl phosphate reductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:8249–8254
Gilson PR, McFadden GI (1996) The miniature nuclear genome of a eukaryotic endosymbiont contains genes that overlap, genes that are cotranscribed, and the smallest known spliceosomal introns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:7737–7742
Gray TA, Saitoh S, Nicholls RD (1999) An imprinted, mammalian bicistronic transcript encodes two independent proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:5616–5621
Jenns AE, Daub ME (1995) Characterization of mutants of Cercospora nicotianae sensitive to the toxin cercosporin. Phytopathology 85:906–912
Jenns AE, Daub ME, Upchurch RG (1989) Regulation of cercosporin accumulation in culture by medium and temperature manipulation. Phytopathology 79:213–219
Jenns AE, Scott DL, Bowden EF, Daub ME (1995) Isolation of mutants of the fungus Cercospora nicotianae altered in their response to singlet-oxygen-generating photosensitizers. Photochem Photobiol 61:488–493
Kyte J, Doolittle RF (1982) A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein. J Mol Biol 157:105–132
Lee SJ (1991) Expression of growth/differentiation factor 1 in the nervous system: conservation of a bicistronic structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:4250–4254
Lewin B (1994) Genes V. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Magrangeas F, Pitiot G, Dubois S, Bragado-Nilsson E, Chérel M, Jobert S, Lebeau B, Boisteau O, Lethé B, Mallet J, Jacques Y, Minvielle S (1998) Cotranscription and intergenic splicing of human galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase and interleukin-11 receptor α-chain genes generate a fusion mRNA in normal cells. J Biol Chem 273:16005–16010
Matthews KR, Tschudi C, Ullu E (1994) A common pyrimidine-rich motif governs trans-splicing and polyadenlation of tubulin polycistronic pre-mRNA in trypanosomes. Genes Dev 8:491–501
Pall ML, Brunell JP (1993) A series of six compact fungal transformation vectors containing polylinkers with multiple unique restriction sites. Fungal Genet Newsl 40:59–62
Pardigol A, Forssmann U, Zucht HD, Loetscher P, Schulz-Knappe P, Baggiolini M, Forssmann WG, Mägert HJ (1998) HCC-2, a human chemokine: gene structure, expression pattern, and biological activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:6308–6313
Petfalski E, Dandekar T, Henry Y, Tollervey D (1998) Processing of the precursors to small nucleolar RNAs and rRNAs requires common components. Mol Cell Biol 18:1181–1189
Reiss J, Cohen N, Dorche C, Mandel H, Mendel R, Stallmeyer B, Zabot MT, Dierks T (1998) Mutations in a polycistronic nuclear gene associated with molybdenum cofactor deficiency. Nat Genet 20:51–53
Sachs AB, Sarnow P, Hentze MW (1997) Starting at the beginning, middle, and end: translation initiation in eukaryotes. Cell 89:831–838
Saverio B, Ashburner M (1997) The Adh-related gene of Drosophila melanogaster is expressed as a functional dicistronic messenger RNA: multigenic transcription in higher organisms. EMBO J 16:2023–2031
Shuttleworth TL, Wilson MD, Wicklow BA, Wilkins JA, Triggs-Raine BL (2002) Characterization of the murine hyaluronidase gene region reveals complex organization and cotranscription of Hyal1 with downstream genes, Fus2 and Hyal3. J Biol Chem 277:23008–23018
Sloan J, Kinghorn JR, Unkles SE (1999) The two subunits of human molybdopterin synthase: evidence for a bicistronic messenger RNA with overlapping reading frames. Nucleic Acids Res 27:854–858
Sollod CC, Jenns AE, Daub ME (1992) Cell surface redox potential as a mechanism of defense against photosensitizers in fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:444–449
Upchurch RG, Walker DC, Rollins JA, Ehrenshaft M, Daub ME (1991) Mutants of Cercospora kikuchii altered in cercosporin synthesis and pathogenicity. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:2940–2945
Yamazaki S, Okube A, Akiyama Y, Fuwa K (1975) Cercosporin, a novel photodynamic pigment isolated from Cercospora kikuchii. Agric Biol Chem 39:287–288
Acknowledgements
We thank W.O. Dawson and K.S. Derrick for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported in part by grant 980886 from the United States Department of Agriculture National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program and in part by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station; and it was approved for publication as Journal Series No. R-09328.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by J. Heitman
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chung, KR., Daub, M.E. & Ehrenshaft, M. Expression of the cercosporin toxin resistance gene (CRG1) as a dicistronic mRNA in the filamentous fungus Cercospora nicotianae . Curr Genet 43, 415–424 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-003-0414-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-003-0414-3