Zusammenfassung
Die Tumordiagnostik basiert auf histomorphologischen, immunhistochemischen und molekularpathologischen Analysen, welche jeweils von diagnostischer, prognostischer und/oder prädiktiver Bedeutung sein können. Obwohl entsprechende Merkmale für nicht-kleinzellige Lungenkarzinome (NSCLC) zur Kategorisierung verwendet wurden, waren diese aus klinischer Sicht nicht sonderlich relevant, da keine spezifischen Therapieoptionen vorhanden waren. Dies hat sich mit der Entdeckung von potentiell therapeutisch nutzbaren molekularen Alterationen, u. a. KRAS-, EGFR-, und BRAF-Mutationen sowie Translokationen von ALK und ROS1 geändert. Die diagnostische, prognostische und prädiktive Bedeutung entsprechender morphologischer, immunhistochemischer und molekularer Tumorcharakteristika wurden systematisch an großen Kohorten untersucht und mit bildgebenden sowie klinischen Parametern inklusive dem Überleben korreliert. Nach Definition spezifischer und sensitiver Markerpanels und Optimierung diagnostischer Testalgorithmen konnte auf morphologischer Ebene erstmals gezeigt werden, dass die semiquantitative Subtypisierung pulmonaler Adenokarzinome ein stadienunabhängiger Prädiktor für das Überleben ist. Die morphologische Klassifikation ist zudem verlässlich anwendbar und korreliert mit bildgebenden Befunden, was eine bessere tumorbiologische Einordnung präoperativ oder ggf. auch in der palliativen Situation ermöglicht. Spezifische molekulare Alterationen wie z. B. BRAF-Mutationen, aber auch der Proliferationsindex (Ki67), wurden als weitere prognostisch relevante Merkmale identifiziert. Die integrierte klinische, morphologische, immunhistochemische und molekularpathologische Analyse NSCLC ermöglicht eine deutlich verbesserte prognostische Stratifikation von Patienten und ist nun Basis der neuen WHO-Klassifikation (2015).
Abstract
Tumor diagnostics are based on histomorphology, immunohistochemistry and molecular pathological analysis of mutations, translocations and amplifications which are of diagnostic, prognostic and/or predictive value. In recent decades only histomorphology was used to classify lung cancer as either small (SCLC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), although NSCLC was further subdivided in different entities; however, as no specific therapy options were available classification of specific subtypes was not clinically meaningful. This fundamentally changed with the discovery of specific molecular alterations in adenocarcinoma (ADC), e.g. mutations in KRAS, EGFR and BRAF or translocations of the ALK and ROS1 gene loci, which now form the basis of targeted therapies and have led to a significantly improved patient outcome. The diagnostic, prognostic and predictive value of imaging, morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics as well as their interaction were systematically assessed in a large cohort with available clinical data including patient survival. Specific and sensitive diagnostic markers and marker panels were defined and diagnostic test algorithms for predictive biomarker assessment were optimized. It was demonstrated that the semi-quantitative assessment of ADC growth patterns is a stage-independent predictor of survival and is reproducibly applicable in the routine setting. Specific histomorphological characteristics correlated with computed tomography (CT) imaging features and thus allowed an improved interdisciplinary classification, especially in the preoperative or palliative setting. Moreover, specific molecular characteristics, for example BRAF mutations and the proliferation index (Ki-67) were identified as clinically relevant prognosticators. Comprehensive clinical, morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular assessment of NSCLCs allow an optimized patient stratification. Respective algorithms now form the backbone of the 2015 lung cancer World Health Organization (WHO) classification.
Literatur
Eichhorn F, Dienemann H, Muley T et al (2015) Predictors of survival after operation among patients with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. Ann Thorac Surg 99:983–989
Herpel E, Schnabel PA, Steins M et al (2012) Assessment of thymidylate synthase expression in biopsy specimens and corresponding resection specimens of non-small-cell lung cancer. Histopathology 61:465–472
Herth FJ, Bubendorf L, Gutz S et al (2013) [Diagnostic and predictive analyses of cytological specimens of non-small cell lung cancer: strategies and challenges]. Pneumologie 67:198–204
Jakobsen JN, Sorensen JB (2013) Clinical impact of ki-67 labeling index in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 79:1–7
Kadota K, Nitadori J, Sima CS et al (2015) Tumor spread through air spaces is an important pattern of invasion and impacts the frequency and location of recurrences after limited resection for small stage I lung adenocarcinomas. J Thorac Oncol 10:806–814
Kadota K, Yeh YC, Sima CS et al (2014) The cribriform pattern identifies a subset of acinar predominant tumors with poor prognosis in patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma: a conceptual proposal to classify cribriform predominant tumors as a distinct histologic subtype. Mod Pathol 27:690–700
Lederlin M, Puderbach M, Muley T et al (2013) Correlation of radio- and histomorphological pattern of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Eur Respir J 41:943–951
Martin B, Paesmans M, Mascaux C et al (2004) Ki-67 expression and patients survival in lung cancer: systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 91:2018–2025
Moreira AL, Joubert P, Downey RJ et al (2014) Cribriform and fused glands are patterns of high-grade pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 45:213–220
Morgensztern D, Campo MJ, Dahlberg SE et al (2015) Molecularly targeted therapies in non-small-cell lung cancer annual update 2014. J Thorac Oncol 10:S1–S63
Muley TR, Sianidou M, Thomas M et al (2014) Comparison of two ERCC1 antibodies as prognostic and predictive biomarkers for early non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res 34:3707–3713
Penzel R, Sers C, Chen Y et al (2011) EGFR mutation detection in NSCLC–assessment of diagnostic application and recommendations of the German Panel for Mutation Testing in NSCLC. Virchows Arch 458:95–98
Petersen I, Warth A (2014) [Lung cancer. Developments, concepts and preview of the new WHO classification]. Pathologe 35:547–556
Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M et al (2011) International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 6:244–285
Von Laffert M, Penzel R, Schirmacher P et al (2014) Multicenter ALK testing in non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a round robin test. J Thorac Oncol 9:1464–1469
Von Laffert M, Warth A, Penzel R et al (2014) Multicenter immunohistochemical ALK-testing of non-small-cell lung cancer shows high concordance after harmonization of techniques and interpretation criteria. J Thorac Oncol 9:1685–1692
Warth A, Cortis J, Fink L et al (2012) Training increases concordance in classifying pulmonary adenocarcinomas according to the novel IASLC/ATS/ERS classification. Virchows Archiv 461:185–193
Warth A, Cortis J, Soltermann A et al (2014) Tumour cell proliferation (Ki-67) in non-small cell lung cancer: a critical reappraisal of its prognostic role. Br J Cancer 111:1222–1229
Warth A, Endris V, Kriegsmann M et al (2015) [Molecular diagnostics of non-small cell lung cancer: new markers and technologies]. Pathologe 36:154–163
Warth A, Endris V, Penzel R et al (2014) [Molecular pathology of lung cancer. State of the art 2014]. Pathologe 35:565–573
Warth A, Fink L, Fisseler-Eckhoff A et al (2013) Interobserver agreement of proliferation index (Ki-67) outperforms mitotic count in pulmonary carcinoids. Virchows Archiv 462:507–513
Warth A, Herpel E, Krysa S et al (2009) Chromosomal instability is more frequent in metastasized than in non-metastasized pulmonary carcinoids but is not a reliable predictor of metastatic potential. Exp Mol Med 41:349–353
Warth A, Herpel E, Schmahl A et al (2008) Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) in association with an adenocarcinoma: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2:21
Warth A, Krysa S, Zahel T et al (2010) [S 100 protein positive sustentacular cells in pulmonary carcinoids and thoracic paragangliomas: differential diagnostic and prognostic evaluation]. Pathologe 31:379–384
Warth A, Macher-Goeppinger S, Muley T et al (2012) Clonality of multifocal nonsmall cell lung cancer: implications for staging and therapy. Eur Respir J 39:1437–1442
Warth A, Muley T, Dienemann H et al (2014) ROS 1 expression and translocations in non-small-cell lung cancer: clinicopathological analysis of 1478 cases. Histopathology 65:187–194
Warth A, Muley T, Herpel E et al (2012) Large-scale comparative analyses of immunomarkers for diagnostic subtyping of non-small-cell lung cancer biopsies. Histopathology 61:1017–1025
Warth A, Muley T, Herpel E et al (2010) A histochemical approach to the diagnosis of visceral pleural infiltration by non-small cell lung cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 16:119–123
Warth A, Muley T, Kossakowski C et al (2015) Prognostic impact and clinicopathological correlations of the cribriform pattern in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 10:638–644
Warth A, Muley T, Kossakowski CA et al (2015) Prognostic impact of intra-alveolar tumor spread in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 39:793–801
Warth A, Muley T, Meister M et al (2012) The novel histologic International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification system of lung adenocarcinoma is a stage-independent predictor of survival. J Clin Oncol 30:1438–1446
Warth A, Penzel R, Brandt R et al (2012) Optimized algorithm for Sanger sequencing-based EGFR mutation analyses in NSCLC biopsies. Virchows Archiv 460:407–414
Warth A, Penzel R, Lindenmaier H et al (2014) EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and ALK gene alterations in lung adenocarcinomas: patient outcome, interplay with morphology and immunophenotype. Eur Res J 43:872–883
Warth A, Stenzinger A, Von Brunneck AC et al (2012) Interobserver variability in the application of the novel IASLC/ATS/ERS classification for pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Eur Res J 40:1221–1227
Warth A, Stenzinger A, Weichert W (2013) [Novel morphological and molecular aspects of lung cancer]. Pathologe 34:419–428
Weichert W, Warth A (2014) Early lung cancer with lepidic pattern: adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, and lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 20:309–316
Zahel T, Krysa S, Herpel E et al (2012) Phenotyping of pulmonary carcinoids and a Ki-67-based grading approach. Virchows Archiv 460:299–308
Danksagung
Für die langjährige Unterstützung bei den im Rahmen meiner Habilitation durchgeführten Projekten gilt mein besonderer Dank: Professor Dr. Peter Schirmacher, Professor Dr. Wilko Weichert, Professor Dr. Philipp A. Schnabel, Professor Dr. Hendrik Bläker, PD Dr. Esther Herpel und dem Team der NCT Gewebebank, Dr. Roland Penzel und Team, Jennifer Schmitt, Professor Dr. Hans Hoffmann und Dr. Thomas Muley mit dem gesamten Team der STF.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Interessenkonflikt
A. Warth gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
The supplement this article is part of is not sponsored by the industry.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Warth, A. Diagnose, Prognose und Prädiktion nicht-kleinzelliger Lungenkarzinome. Pathologe 36 (Suppl 2), 194–200 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-015-0085-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-015-0085-0
Schlüsselwörter
- Tumordiagnostik
- Adenokarzinom, pulmonales
- Klassifikation, morphologische
- Alterationen, molekulare
- Mutationen