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Diagnose, Prognose und Prädiktion nicht-kleinzelliger Lungenkarzinome

Bedeutung von Morphologie, Immunhistochemie und Molekularpathologie

Diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of non-small cell lung cancer

Importance of morphology, immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology

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Zusammenfassung

Die Tumordiagnostik basiert auf histomorphologischen, immunhistochemischen und molekularpathologischen Analysen, welche jeweils von diagnostischer, prognostischer und/oder prädiktiver Bedeutung sein können. Obwohl entsprechende Merkmale für nicht-kleinzellige Lungenkarzinome (NSCLC) zur Kategorisierung verwendet wurden, waren diese aus klinischer Sicht nicht sonderlich relevant, da keine spezifischen Therapieoptionen vorhanden waren. Dies hat sich mit der Entdeckung von potentiell therapeutisch nutzbaren molekularen Alterationen, u. a. KRAS-, EGFR-, und BRAF-Mutationen sowie Translokationen von ALK und ROS1 geändert. Die diagnostische, prognostische und prädiktive Bedeutung entsprechender morphologischer, immunhistochemischer und molekularer Tumorcharakteristika wurden systematisch an großen Kohorten untersucht und mit bildgebenden sowie klinischen Parametern inklusive dem Überleben korreliert. Nach Definition spezifischer und sensitiver Markerpanels und Optimierung diagnostischer Testalgorithmen konnte auf morphologischer Ebene erstmals gezeigt werden, dass die semiquantitative Subtypisierung pulmonaler Adenokarzinome ein stadienunabhängiger Prädiktor für das Überleben ist. Die morphologische Klassifikation ist zudem verlässlich anwendbar und korreliert mit bildgebenden Befunden, was eine bessere tumorbiologische Einordnung präoperativ oder ggf. auch in der palliativen Situation ermöglicht. Spezifische molekulare Alterationen wie z. B. BRAF-Mutationen, aber auch der Proliferationsindex (Ki67), wurden als weitere prognostisch relevante Merkmale identifiziert. Die integrierte klinische, morphologische, immunhistochemische und molekularpathologische Analyse NSCLC ermöglicht eine deutlich verbesserte prognostische Stratifikation von Patienten und ist nun Basis der neuen WHO-Klassifikation (2015).

Abstract

Tumor diagnostics are based on histomorphology, immunohistochemistry and molecular pathological analysis of mutations, translocations and amplifications which are of diagnostic, prognostic and/or predictive value. In recent decades only histomorphology was used to classify lung cancer as either small (SCLC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), although NSCLC was further subdivided in different entities; however, as no specific therapy options were available classification of specific subtypes was not clinically meaningful. This fundamentally changed with the discovery of specific molecular alterations in adenocarcinoma (ADC), e.g. mutations in KRAS, EGFR and BRAF or translocations of the ALK and ROS1 gene loci, which now form the basis of targeted therapies and have led to a significantly improved patient outcome. The diagnostic, prognostic and predictive value of imaging, morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics as well as their interaction were systematically assessed in a large cohort with available clinical data including patient survival. Specific and sensitive diagnostic markers and marker panels were defined and diagnostic test algorithms for predictive biomarker assessment were optimized. It was demonstrated that the semi-quantitative assessment of ADC growth patterns is a stage-independent predictor of survival and is reproducibly applicable in the routine setting. Specific histomorphological characteristics correlated with computed tomography (CT) imaging features and thus allowed an improved interdisciplinary classification, especially in the preoperative or palliative setting. Moreover, specific molecular characteristics, for example BRAF mutations and the proliferation index (Ki-67) were identified as clinically relevant prognosticators. Comprehensive clinical, morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular assessment of NSCLCs allow an optimized patient stratification. Respective algorithms now form the backbone of the 2015 lung cancer World Health Organization (WHO) classification.

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Danksagung

Für die langjährige Unterstützung bei den im Rahmen meiner Habilitation durchgeführten Projekten gilt mein besonderer Dank: Professor Dr. Peter Schirmacher, Professor Dr. Wilko Weichert, Professor Dr. Philipp A. Schnabel, Professor Dr. Hendrik Bläker, PD Dr. Esther Herpel und dem Team der NCT Gewebebank, Dr. Roland Penzel und Team, Jennifer Schmitt, Professor Dr. Hans Hoffmann und Dr. Thomas Muley mit dem gesamten Team der STF.

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Warth, A. Diagnose, Prognose und Prädiktion nicht-kleinzelliger Lungenkarzinome. Pathologe 36 (Suppl 2), 194–200 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-015-0085-0

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