Abstract
Polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels have been proposed for use as promising biomaterials in biomedical and tissue engineering but their poor mechanical and water-retention properties have hindered their development. Graphene oxide (GO), an excellent nanofiller, was added to PAAm to produce mechanically strong GO–PAAm composites. The free radical crosslinking copolymerization method was used with GO content varying in the range between 5 and 50 µl of GO. The mechanical properties of the GO–PAAm composites are measured by compressive test, revealing a decrease in the shear modulus and toughness of the composites above 8 µl of GO by increasing GO content.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Haraguchi K, Li HJ (2006) Mechanical properties and structure of polymer clay nanocomposite with high clay content. Macromolecules 39:1898–1905
Evingür GA, Pekcan Ö (2014) Effect of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) on the behavior of swelling of polyacrylamide–MWNT composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 33(13):1199–1206
Das S, Irin F, Ma L, Bhattacharia SK, Hedden RC, Green MJ (2013) Rheology and morphology of pristine graphene/polyacrylamide gels. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:8633–8640
Matzelle TR, Geuskens G, Kruse N (2003) Elastic properties of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(acrylamide) hydrogels studied by scanning force microscopy. Macromolecules 36:2926–2931
Baselga J, Hernandez- Fuentes I, Pierola MA, Llorente F (1987) Elastic properties of highly cross-linked polyacrylamide gels. Macromolecules 20:3060–3065
Kaur H, Chatterji PR (1990) Interpenetrating hydrogel networks. 2. Swelling and mechanical properties of the gelatin–polyacrylamide interpenetrating networks. Macromolecules 23:4868–4871
Valles E, Durando D, Katime I, Mendizabal E, Puig JE (2000) Equilibrium swelling and mechanical properties of hydrogels of acrylamide and itaconic acid or its esters. Polym Bull 44:109–114
Huang Y, Zeng M, Ren J, Wang J, Fan L, Xu Q (2012) Preparation and swelling properties of graphene oxide/poly(acrylicacid-co-acrylamide) super-absorbent hydrogel nanocomposites. Colloids Surf A 401:97–106
Zhang L, Wang Z, Xu C, Li Y, Gao J, Wang W, Lui Y (2011) High strength graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogels. J Mater Chem 2:10399–10406
Shen J, Yan B, Li T, Long Y, Li N, Ye M (2012) Study on graphene-oxide-based polyacrylamide composite hydrogels. Compos A 43:1476–1481
Ren L, Liu T, Guo J, Guo S, Wang X, Wang W (2010) A smart pH responsive graphene/polyacrylamide complex via noncovalent interaction. Nanotechnology 21:335701 (IOP Publishing)
Liu R, Liang S, Tang XZ, Yan D, Li X, Yu ZZ (2012) Tough and highly stretchable graphene oxide/polyacrylamide nanocomposite hydrogels. J Mater Chem 22:14160–14167
Wang J, Liu C, Shuai Y, Cui X, Nie L (2014) Controlled release of anticancer drug using graphene oxide as a drug-binding effector in konjac glucomannan/sodium alginate hydrogels. Colloids Surf B 113:223–229
Liu J, Song G, He C, Wang H (2013) Self-healing in tough graphene oxide composite hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 34:1002–1007
Fan J, Shi Z, Lian M, Li H, Yin J (2013) Mechanically strong graphene oxide/sodium alginate/polyacrylamide nanocomposite hydrogel with improved dye adsorption capacity. J Mater Chem 1:7433–7443
Evingur GA, Pekcan Ö (2012) Elastic percolation of swollen polyacrylamide (PAAm)–multiwall carbon nanotubes composite. Phase Transit 85:553–564
Evingur GA, Pekcan Ö (2015) Kinetics models for the dynamical behaviors of PAAm–κ-carrageenan composite gels. J Biol Phys 41:37–47
Evingur GA, Pekcan Ö (2013) Superelastic percolation network of polyacrylamide (PAAm)–kappa carrageenan (kC) composite. Cellulose 20:1145–1151
Evingur GA, Pekcan Ö (2012) Temperature effect on elasticity of swollen composite formed from polyacrylamide (PAAm)–multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Engineering 4:619–624
Evingur GA, Pekcan Ö (2014) Elastic properties of a swollen PAAm–NIPA composite with various NIPA contents. Polym Plast Technol Eng 53(8):834–839
Anseth KS, Bowman CN, Peppas LB (1996) Mechanical properties of hydrogels and their experimental determination. Biomaterials 17:1647–1657
Nielsen LE, Landel RF (1994) Mechanical properties of polymers and composites. Marcel Dekker, New York
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Evingür, G.A., Pekcan, Ö. Mechanical properties of graphene oxide–polyacrylamide composites before and after swelling in water. Polym. Bull. 75, 1431–1439 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-2101-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-2101-4