Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of NBR partitioning agent on the mechanical properties of PVC/NBR blends and investigation of phase morphology by atomic force microscopy

  • Published:
Polymer Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) blends with different types of partitioning agent were obtained through melt blending. The samples were characterized according to the viscosities properties, torque rheometry and mechanical resistance as tensile testing, tear strength, and hardness. The morphology and phase imaging were studied using an atomic force microscopy operating in tapping mode (TMAFM). It was observed that the PVC/NBR blends with PVC as partitioning agent showed an increase in the tensile stress and Young’s modulus compared to the PVC/NBR blends with calcium carbonate as partitioning agent. The morphology of the blends examined by TMAFM evidenced the effect of the partitioning agent as obtained with other techniques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wang Q, Zhang X, Liu S, Gui H, Lai J, Liu Y, Gao J, Huang F, Song Z, Tan BH, Qiao J (2005) Ultrafine full-vulcanized powdered rubbers/PVC compounds with higher toughness and higher heat resistance. Polymer 46(24):10614–10617

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Passador FR, Rodolfo A Jr, Pessan LA (2008) Influência do Tipo de Agente de Partição da Borracha Nitrílica na Obtenção de Blendas PVC/NBR. Polímeros, Ciência e Tecnologia 18(3):193–200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Utracki LA, Favis BD (1989) Polymer alloys and blends. In: Cheremisinoff NP (ed) Handbook of polymers science and technology. Hanser, Munich, pp 125–132

    Google Scholar 

  4. Corradini E, Rubira AF, Muniz EC (1997) Miscibility of PVC/EVA hydrolysed blends by viscosimetric, microscopic and thermal analysis. Eur Polym J 33(10–12):1651–1658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Painter PC, Graf JF, Coleman MM (1991) Effect of hydrogen bonding on the enthalpy of mixing and the composition dependence of the glass transition temperature in polymer blends. Macromolecules 24(20):5630–5638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. George KE, Rani J, Francis DJ (1986) Studies on NBR/PVC blends. J Appl Polym Sci 32(1):2867–2873

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ismail H, Tan S, Poh BT (2001) Curing and mechanical properties of nitrile and natural rubber blends. J Elastom Plast 33(4):251–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mousa A, Ishiaku US, Ishak ZAM (2005) Oil resistance of dynamically vulcanized poly(vinyl chloride)/nitrile butadiene rubber thermoplastic elastomers. Polym Bull 53(3):203–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Shen F, Li H, Wu CF (2006) Crosslinking induced by in situ coordination in acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/poly(vinyl chloride) alloy, filled with anhydrous copper sulfate particles. J Polym Sci: Part B: Polym Phys 44:378–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Passador FR, Rodolfo A Jr, Pessan LA (2006) Estado de mistura e dispersão da fase borrachosa em blendas PVC/NBR. Polímeros, Ciência e Tecnologia 16(3):174–181

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Passador FR, Rodolfo A Jr, Pessan LA (2007) Blendas PVC/NBR por processamento reativo I: Desenvolvimento do processo de vulcanização dinâmica in situ. Polímeros, Ciência e Tecnologia 17(2):80–84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Liu ZH, Zhu X, Wu L, Li RY, Qi Z, Choy C, Wang F (2001) Effects of interfacial adhesion on the rubber toughening of poly(vinyl chloride) Part 1. Impact tests. Polymer 42(2):737–746

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Liu ZH, Wu LX, Kwok KW, Zhu XG, Qi ZN, Choy CL, Wan FS (2001) Effects of interfacial adhesion on the rubber toughening of poly(vinyl chloride) Part 2. Low-speed tensile tests. Polymer 42(4):1719–1724

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Liu ZH, Zhang XD, Zhu XG, Qi ZN, Wang FS (1997) Effect of morphology on the brittle-ductile transition of polymer blends.1. A new equation for correlating morphological parameters. Polymer 38(21):5267–5273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Liu ZH, Zhang XD, Zhu XG, Li RKY, Qi ZN, Wang FS, Choy CL (1998) Effect of morphology on the brittle ductile transition of polymer blends: 2. Analysis on poly(vinyl chloride) nitrile rubber blends. Polymer 39(21):5019–5025

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Liu ZH, Zhang XD, Zhu XG, Li RKY, Qi ZN, Wang FS, Choy CL (1998) Effect of morphology on the brittle ductile transition of polymer blends: 3. The influence of rubber particle spatial distribution on the fracture behaviour of poly(vinyl chloride)/nitrile rubber blends. Polymer 39(21):5027–5033

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu ZH, Zhang XD, Zhu XG, Li KY, Qi ZN, Wang FS, Choy CL (1998) Effect of morphology on the brittle ductile transition of polymer blends: 4. Influence of the rubber particle spatial distribution in poly(vinyl chloride)/nitrile rubber blends. Polymer 39(21):5035–5045

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sen AK, Mukherjee GS (1993) Studies on the thermodynamic compatibility of blends of poly(vinylchloride) and nitrile rubber. Polymer 34(11):2386–2391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hafezi M, Nouri Khorasani S, Ziaei F, Azim HR (2007) Comparison of physicomechanical properties of NBR–PVC blend cured by sulfur and electron beam. J Elastom Plast 39(2):151–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. San Paulo A, García R (2000) High-resolution imaging of antibodies by tapping-mode atomic force microscopy: attractive and repulsive tip-sample interaction regimes. Biophys J 78(3):1599–1605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Magonov SN, Elings V, Whangbo MH (1997) Phase imaging and stiffness in tapping-mode atomic-force microscopy. Surf Sci 375(2–3):L385–L391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Raghavan D, VanLandingham M, Gu X, Nguyen T (2000) Characterization of heterogeneous regions in polymer systems using tapping mode and force mode atomic force microscopy. Langmuir 16(24):9448–9459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Raghavan D, Gu X, Nguyen T, VanLandingham M, Karim A (2000) Mapping polymer heterogeneity by phase imaging and nanoindentation AFM. Macromolecules 33(7):2573–2583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Stark M, Möller C, Müller DJ, Guckenberger R (2001) From images to interactions: high-resolution phase imaging in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy. Biophys J 80(6):3009–3018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Garcia R, Calleja M, Pérez-Murano F (1998) Local oxidation of silicon surfaces by dynamic force microscopy: Nanofabrication and water bridge formation. Appl Phys Lett 72(18):2295–2297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Garcia R, San Paulo A (2000) Amplitude curves and operating regimes in dynamic atomic force microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 82:79–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Tamayo J, Garcia R (1996) Deformation, contact time and phase contrast in tapping mode scanning force microscopy. Langmuir 12:4430–4435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Burham NA, Behrend OP, Ouveley F, Gremaud G, Gallo PJ, Gordon D, Dupas E, Kulik AJ, Pollock HM, Briggs GAD (1997) How does a tip tap? Nanotechnology 8:67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Garcia R, San Paulo A (1999) Attractive and repulsive tip-sample interaction regimes in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy. Phys Rev B 60(7):4961–4967

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Garcia R, San Paulo A (2000) Dynamics of a vibrating tip near or in intermittent contact with a surface. Phys Rev B 61(20):13381–13384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Rodriguez TR, Garcia R (2002) Tip motion in amplitude modulation (tapping-mode) atomic-force microscopy: comparison between continuous and point-mass models. Appl Phys Lett 80(9):1646–1648

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Garcia R, Perez R (2002) Dynamic atomic force microscopy methods. Surf Sci Report 47:197–301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Garcia R, San Paulo A (2002) Unifying theory of tapping-mode atomic-force microscopy. Phys Rev B 66:041406 (R)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Martinez NF, Garcia R (2006) Measuring phase shifts and energy dissipation with amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy. Nanotechnology 17:S167–S172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Martinez NF, Patil S, Lozano JR, Garcia R (2006) Enhanced compositional sensitivity in atomic force microscopy by the excitation of the first two flexural modes. Appl Phys Lett 89:153115b

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Herruzo ET, Garcia R (2007) Frequency response of an atomic force microscope in liquids and air: magnetic versus acoustic excitation. Apll Phys Lett 91:143113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Efimov AE, Tonevitsky AG, Dittrich M, Matsko NB (2007) Atomic force microscope (AFM) combined with the ultramicrotome: a novel device for the serial section tomography and AFM/TEM complementary structural analysis of biological and polymer samples. J Microsc 226(3):207–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Magonov SN, Reneker DH (1997) Characterization of polymer surfaces with atomic force microscopy. Annu Rev Mat Sci 27:175–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Pickering JP, Vancso GJ (1998) Apparent contrast reversal in tapping mode atomic force microscope images on films of polystyrene-b-polyisoprene-b-polystyrene. Polym Bull 40:549–554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Liu J (2003) AFM applications in petrochemical polymers. Microsc Microanal 9(2):452–453

    Google Scholar 

  41. Zhong Q, Inniss D, Kjoller K, Elings V (1993) Fractured polymer/silica fiber surface studied by tapping mode atomic force microscopy. Surf Sci Lett 290:L688–L692

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Schramn G (1994) A practical approach to rheology and rheometry, 2nd edn. Haake, Gebhard Schramm, Germany, pp 32–45

    Google Scholar 

  43. Utracki LA, Shi ZH (1992) Development of polymer blend morphology during compounding in a twin-screw extruder. I: Droplet dispersion and coalescence: a review. Polym Eng Sci 32(24):1824–1833

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Passador FR, Rodolfo A Jr, Pessan LA (2008) Blendas PVC/NBR por processamento reativo II: Caracterização físico-mecânica e morfológica. Polímeros, Ciência e Tecnologia 18(2):87–91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ehabe EE, Farid SA (2001) Chemical kinetics of vulcanisation and compression set. Euro Polym J 37(2):329–334

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Rodolfo Jr. A, Nunes LR, Ormanji W (2006) Tecnologia do PVC. São Paulo: Proeditores/Braskem, p 365

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by CAPES (Brazilian research supporting foundation), to Braskem S.A. for the donation of PVC, and to the technical support of the NEO-PVC Program.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. PPGCEM, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, P.O. Box 676, Sao Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil

    Simoni Maria Gheno & F. R. Passador

  2. Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, P.O. Box 676, Sao Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil

    L. A. Pessan

Authors
  1. Simoni Maria Gheno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. F. R. Passador
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. L. A. Pessan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simoni Maria Gheno.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gheno, S.M., Passador, F.R. & Pessan, L.A. Effect of NBR partitioning agent on the mechanical properties of PVC/NBR blends and investigation of phase morphology by atomic force microscopy. Polym. Bull. 63, 865–881 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-009-0130-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-009-0130-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation