Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biological Decolorization and Degradation of Malachite Green by Pseudomonas sp. YB2: Process Optimization and Biodegradation Pathway

  • Published:
Current Microbiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A novel strain Pseudomonas sp. YB2, which was isolated from activated sludge, was studied for biological decolorization and degradation of malachite green (MG). The results show that this aerobic strain is an aerobic bacterium, which has relatively high salt tolerance and high antibiotic resistance. The optimal performance condition for both bacterial growth and decolorization of MG was at 25–35 °C and pH 5.0–7.0. It could efficiently decolorize 90.40% MG at a high concentration up to 1500 mg/L in 24 h, and concentrations of MG lower than 1000 mg/L could be completely decolorized in 12 h. The intermediate products of MG were detected using gas chromatography–mass spectrometer, including leucomalachite green, 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino) benzophenone, 4-(dimethylamino) benzophenone, phenol, dimethylaniline. The possible degradation pathways of MG by strain YB2 were proposed. This strain might be potentially useful for biodegradation of MG in real environments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ayed L, Chaieb K, Cheref A, Bakhrouf A (2009) Biodegradation of triphenylmethane dye malachite green by Sphingomonas paucimobilis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 25:705–711

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Berberidou C, Poulios I, Xekoukoulotakis NP, Mantzavinos D (2007) Sonolytic, photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic degradation of malachite green in aqueous solutions. Appl Catal B Environ 74:63–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Chen CH, Chang CF, Ho CH, Tsai TL, Liu SM (2008) Biodegradation of crystal violet by a Shewanella sp. NTOU1. Chemosphere 72:1712–1720

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Chen CY, Kuo JT, Cheng CY, Huang YT, Ho IH, Chung YC (2009) Biological decolorization of dye solution containing malachite green by Pandoraea pulmonicola YC32 using a batch and continuous system. J Hazard Mater 172:1439–1445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Chen X, Zhang X, Yang Y, Yue D, Xiao L, Yang L (2015) Biodegradation of an endocrine-disrupting chemical di-n-butyl phthalate by newly isolated Camelimonas sp. and enzymatic properties of its hydrolase. Biodegradation 26:171–182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cheriaa J, Bakhrouf A (2009) Triphenylmethanes, malachite green and crystal violet dyes decolourisation by Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Ann Microbiol 59:57–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Culp SJ, Mellick PW, Trotter RW, Greenlees KJ, Kodell RL, Beland FA (2006) Carcinogenicity of malachite green chloride and leucomalachite green in B6C3F(1) mice and F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 44:1204–1212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Deng D, Guo J, Zeng G, Sun G (2008) Decolorization of anthraquinone, triphenylmethane and azo dyes by a new isolated Bacillus cereus strain DC11. Int Biodeterior Biodegr 62:263–269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Du LN, Wang S, Li G, Wang B, Jia XM, Zhao YH, Chen YL (2011) Biodegradation of malachite green by Pseudomonas sp. strain DY1 under aerobic condition: characteristics, degradation products, enzyme analysis and phytotoxicity. Ecotoxicology 20:438–446

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Du LN, Zhao M, Li G, Zhao XP, Zhao YH (2012) Highly efficient decolorization of malachite green by a novel Micrococcus sp. strain BD15. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:2898–2907

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Foster F, Woodbury L (1936) The use of malachite green as a fish fungicide and antiseptic. Prog Fish Cult. 18:7–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Galinski EA (1995) Osmoadaptation in bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 37:272–328

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gao F, Ding HT, Feng Z, Liu DF, Zhao YH (2014) Functional display of triphenylmethane reductase for dye removal on the surface of Escherichia coli using N-terminal domain of ice nucleation protein. Bioresour Technol 169:181–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gessner T, Mayer U (2002) Triarylmethane and diarylmethane dyes. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_179

  15. Jasinska A, Paraszkiewicz K, Sip A, Dlugonski J (2015) Malachite green decolorization by the filamentous fungus Myrothecium roridum—mechanistic study and process optimization. Bioresour Technol 194:43–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kalyani DC, Telke AA, Surwase SN, Jadhav SB, Lee JK et al (2012) Effectual decolorization and detoxification of triphenylmethane dye malachite green (MG) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 2074 and its enzyme system. Clean Technol Environ 14:989–1001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kuhad RC, Sood N, Tripathi KK, Singh A, Ward OP (2004) Developments in microbial methods for the treatment of dye effluents. Adv Appl Microbiol 56:185–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kusvuran E, Gulnaz O, Samil A, Yildirim O (2011) Decolorization of malachite green, decolorization kinetics and stoichiometry of ozone-malachite green and removal of antibacterial activity with ozonation processes. J Hazard Mater 186:133–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Liu X, An S, Shi W, Yang Q, Zhang L (2014) Microwave-induced catalytic oxidation of malachite green under magnetic Cu-ferrites: new insight into the degradation mechanism and pathway. J Mol Catal A: Chem 395:243–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Lv GY, Cheng JH, Chen XY, Zhang ZF, Fan LF (2013) Biological decolorization of malachite green by Deinococcus radiodurans R1. Bioresour Technol 144:275–280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Mitrowska K, Posyniak A (2004) Determination of malachite green and its metabolite, leucomalachite green in fish muscle by liquid chromatography. Bull Vet Inst Pul 48:173–176

    Google Scholar 

  22. Mukherjee T, Das M (2014) Degradation of malachite green by Enterobacter asburiae strain XJUHX-4TM. Clean: Soil, Air, Water 42:849–856

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Oehmen CS, Baxter DJ (2013) ScalaBLAST 2.0: rapid and robust BLAST calculations on multiprocessor systems. Bioinformatics 29:797–798

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Sani RK, Banerjee UC (1999) Decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes and textile and dye-stuff effluent by Kurthia sp. Enzyme Microb Technol 24:433–437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Saquib M, Muneer M (2003) TiO(2)-mediated photocatalytic degradation of a triphenylmethane dye (gentian violet), in aqueous suspensions. Dyes Pigments 56:37–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Srivastava S, Sinha R, Roy D (2004) Toxicological effects of malachite green. Aquat Toxicol 66:319–329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Sumathi S, Manju BS (2000) Uptake of reactive textile dyes by Aspergillus foetidus. Enzyme Microb Technol 27:347–355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Yang J, Dai J, Zhao J, Miao J (2010) Mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of dye MG by TiO2-film electrode with cathodic bias potential. Chin Sci Bull 55:131–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21177055) and the National Major Project of Science and Technology Ministry of China (Grant No. 2015ZX07204-007-005).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China

    Yanbin Tao, Fei Wang, Lingjun Meng, Yang Guo, Mengshu Han, Jinhai Li, Cheng Sun & Shaomang Wang

Authors
  1. Yanbin Tao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fei Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lingjun Meng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yang Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mengshu Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jinhai Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Cheng Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Shaomang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cheng Sun.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 308 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tao, Y., Wang, F., Meng, L. et al. Biological Decolorization and Degradation of Malachite Green by Pseudomonas sp. YB2: Process Optimization and Biodegradation Pathway. Curr Microbiol 74, 1210–1215 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-017-1306-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-017-1306-y

Search

Navigation