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External nasal parameters in Egyptians: an in-depth nasal photogrammatic analysis

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Abstract

Purpose

As ethnic influences can result in different appearances of the nose, the purpose of this study was to provide a set of standard values of the external form of the nose with special emphasis on the influence of age and sex on these values to establish norms for the Egyptians.

Methods

Several soft-tissue landmarks on the external nose were obtained by a non-invasive, photogrammetric analysis in 1,000 healthy Egyptians aged 20–70 years. From these landmarks, ten linear distances and six nasal angles were measured and six nasal indices were calculated.

Results

A significant sexual dimorphism was found for nasal external volume and area and most linear distances where males presented with higher values than those in females of the corresponding age except for alar length where females showed higher values. Moreover, age significantly influenced nasal volume, area and distances as they showed statistically significant increase till old age. Concerning angles, nasofrontal, nasofacial, nasomental and nasolabial angles were wider in females while mentocervical angle was wider in males. Moreover, nasofrontal, mentocervical and alar slope angles showed significant increase with advancing age while nasofacial, nasomental and nasolabial showed significant decrease. Regarding nasal indices, sexual dimorphism was recognized for anatomic nasal index, nasal tip protrusion, nasal height ratio and nasal tip protrusion-nasal width indices. Moreover, results also showed that the Egyptians have a Mesorrhine type of nose.

Conclusion

Data collected in the present investigation could serve as a database for the quantitative description of the Egyptian nasal morphology.

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Acknowledgments

The author would like to express her gratitude to those who participated in the research.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Ethical standards

The author declares that this research complies with the current laws of Egypt.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

    Mona Hassan Mohammed Ali

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  1. Mona Hassan Mohammed Ali
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Correspondence to Mona Hassan Mohammed Ali.

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Mohammed Ali, M.H. External nasal parameters in Egyptians: an in-depth nasal photogrammatic analysis. Surg Radiol Anat 36, 633–641 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-013-1215-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-013-1215-0

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