Abstract
Control engineering approaches may be applied to irrigation management to make better use of available irrigation water. These methods of irrigation decision-making are being developed to deal with spatial and temporal variability in field properties, data availability and hardware constraints. One type of control system is advanced process control which, in an irrigation context, refers to the incorporation of multiple aspects of optimisation and control. Hence, advanced process control is particularly suited to the management of site-specific irrigation. This paper reviews applications of advanced process control in irrigation: mathematical programming, linear quadratic control, artificial intelligence, iterative learning control and model predictive control. From the literature review, it is argued that model-based control strategies are more realistic in the soil–plant–atmosphere system using process simulation models rather than using ‘black-box’ crop production models. It is also argued that model-based control strategies can aim for specific end of season characteristics and hence may achieve optimality. Three control systems are identified that are robust to data gaps and deficiencies and account for spatial and temporal variability in field characteristics, namely iterative learning control, iterative hill climbing control and model predictive control: from consideration of these three systems it is concluded that the most appropriate control strategy depends on factors including sensor data availability and grower’s specific performance requirements. It is further argued that control strategy development will be driven by the available sensor technology and irrigation hardware, but also that control strategy options should also drive future plant and soil moisture sensor development.
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Notes
Optimal control is used to derive differential equations which determine the control action to be taken at any time for a given system to achieve the desired optimality criterion (Burns 2001). The fundamental derivation approach for optimal control is the ‘calculus of variations’ which finds the path, curve or surface (in the form of differential equations) for which a given function has a stationary value which corresponds to the maximum or minimum, as required.
Evolutionary algorithms are inspired by the process of biological evolution and involve an iterative procedure whereby a population of trial solutions (irrigation application schemes) is evaluated and each solution is assigned a fitness that indicates the performance. The population is then evolved and a new generation of solutions is created from the solutions of the previous generation with the highest fitness (Filippidis et al. 1999).
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The authors are grateful to the Australian Research Council and the Cotton Research and Development Corporation for funding a postgraduate studentship for the senior author.
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Communicated by S. O. Shaughnessy.
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McCarthy, A.C., Hancock, N.H. & Raine, S.R. Advanced process control of irrigation: the current state and an analysis to aid future development. Irrig Sci 31, 183–192 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-011-0313-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-011-0313-1