Abstract
The effects of crop level and irrigation on water relations, yield, grape and wine composition were studied during two seasons in a Tempranillo vineyard in Spain. Irrigation was applied at two levels: R2 (with mild deficit irrigation applied during all the season) and R1 (with more severe water stress applied before veraison). Deficit irrigated vines were compared to a non-irrigated control. Crop levels imposed resulted in 11, 20, and 27 clusters per vine. Over all treatments, yield and ratio of leaf area to yield (LA: Y) were different between years: 4.4 and 16.3 t ha−1 and 1.72 and 0.88 m2 kg−1 in 2005 and 2006, respectively. In 2005, large differences in grape and wine composition occurred among non-irrigated and the irrigated treatments, but not between R1 and R2 treatments. Wines from non-irrigated vines were more acid, had higher total anthocyanins, and higher color intensity. In 2006, irrigation had less effect on grape and wine variables. The effect of shoot and cluster thinning on wine composition was different between seasons due to the different crop load values between years. Grape composition was negatively affected by high crop level only for values of LA: Y lower than 1.5 m2 kg−1.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acevedo-Opazo C, Ortaga-Farías S, Fuentes S (2010) Effects of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) water status on water consumption, vegetative growth and grape quality: an irrigation scheduling application to achieve regulated deficit irrigation. Agric Water Manage 97:956–964
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper No. 56. Rome, Italy
Bravdo B, Hepner Y, Loinger C, Cohen S, Tabacman H (1984) Effect of crop level on growth, yield and wine quality of a high yielding Carignane vineyard. Am J Enol Vitic 35:247–252
Edson CE, Howell GS, Flore JA (1995) Influence of crop load on photosynthesis and dry matter partitioning of Seyval grapevines. II. Seasonal changes in single leaf and whole vine photosynthesis. Am J Enol Vitic 46:469–477
Esteban MA, Villanueva MJ, Lissarrague J (1999) Effect of irrigation on changes in berry composition of Tempranillo during maturation. Sugars, organic acids, and mineral elements. Am J Enol Vitic 50:418–434
Esteban MA, Villanueva MJ, Lissarrague J (2002) Effect of irrigation on changes in the anthocyanin composition of the skin of cv. Tempranillo (Vitis vinifera L.) grape berries during ripening. J Sci Food Agric 81:409–420
Freeman BM, Kliewer WM (1983) Effect of irrigation, crop level and potassium fertilization on Carignane vines. II. Grape and wine quality. Am J Enol Vitic 34:197–206
Freeman BM, Lee TH, Turkington T (1979) Interaction of irrigation and pruning level on growth and yield of shiraz vines. Am J Enol Vitic 30:218–223
Girona J, Mata M, del Campo J, Arbones J, Bartra E, Marsal J (2006) The use of midday leaf water potential for scheduling deficit irrigation in vineyards. Irr Sci 24:115–127
Guidoni S, Allara P, Schubert A (2002) Effect of cluster thinning on berry skin anthocyanin composition of Vitis vinifera cv. Nebbiolo. Am J Enol Vitic 53:224–226
Hepner Y, Bravdo B (1985) Effect of crop level and drip irrigation scheduling on the potassium status of Cabernet Sauvignon and Carignane vines and its influence on must and wine composition and quality. Am J Enol Vitic 36:140–147
Iland PG, Coombe BG (1988) Malate, tartrate, potassium and sodium in flesh and skin of shiraz grapes during ripening: concentration and compartmentation. Am J Enol Vitic 39:71–76
Intrigliolo DS, Castel JR (2007) Evaluation of grapevine water status from trunk diameter variations. Irr Sci 26:49–59
Intrigliolo DS, Castel JR (2008) Effects of irrigation on the performance of grapevine cv. Tempranillo in Requena, Spain. Am J Enol Vitic 59:30–38
Intrigliolo DS, Castel JR (2010) Response of grapevine cv. ´Tempranillo` to timing and amount of irrigation: water relations, vine growth, yield and berry and wine composition. Irr Sci 28:113–125
Jackson DI, Lombard PB (1993) Environmental and management practices affecting grape composition and wine quality-A review. Am J Enol Vitic 44:409–430
Keller M, Mills LJ, Wample RL, Spayd S (2005) Cluster thinning effects on three deficit-irrigated Vitis vinifera cultivars. Am J Enol Vitic 56:91–103
Kliewer WM, Dokoozlian NK (2005) Leaf area/crop weight ratios of grapevines: influence on fruit composition and wine quality. Am J Enol Vitic 56:170–181
Lakso AN, Eissenstat DE (2005) Crop load-physiology, modeling and relationship to root growth in grapevines. In: Proceedings twelfth Australian wine industry technical conference. pp 38–44
Lakso AN, Dunst RM, Fendinger A (1999) Responses to drought of balance-pruned and minimally-pruned ‘Concord’ grapevines. Acta Hortic 493:103–107
Matthews MA, Nuzzo V (2007) Berry size and yield paradigms on grapes and wine quality. Acta Hortic 754:423–435
McCarthy MG (1997) The effect of transient water deficit on berry development of cv. Shiraz (Vitis vinifera L.). Aust J Grape Wine Res 3:102–108
Naor A (2008) Water stress assessment for irrigation scheduling of deciduous trees. Acta Hortic 792:467–481
Naor A, Gal Y, Bravdo B (1997) Crop load affects assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, stem water potential and water relations of field-grown Sauvignon blanc grapevines. J Exp Bot 48:1675–1680
Naor A, Gal Y, Bravdo B (2002) Shoot and cluster thinning influence vegetative growth, fruit yield, and wine quality of `Sauvignon blanc` grapevines. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 127:628–634
Ojeda H, Deloire A, Carbonneau A (2001) Influence of water deficits on grape berry growth. Vitis 40:141–145
Ough CS, Nagaoka R (1984) Effect of cluster thinning and vineyard yields on grape and wine composition and wine quality of Cabernet Sauvignon. Am J Enol Vitic 35:30–34
Poni S, Lakso AN, Turner JR, Melious RE (1994a) The effects of pre- and post-veraison water stress on growth and physiology of potted Pinot Noir grapevines at varying crop levels. Vitis 32:207–214
Poni S, Lakso AN, Turner JR, Melious RE (1994b) Interactions of crop level and late season water stress on growth and physiology of field-grown Concord grapevines. Am J Enol Vitic 45:252–258
Prajitna A, Dami IE, Steiner TE, Ferree DC, Scheerens JC, Schwartz SJ (2007) Influence of cluster thinning on phenolic composition, resveratrol, and antioxidant capacity in Chambourcin Wine. Am J Enol Vitic 58:346–350
Reynolds AG, Vanden Heuvel J (2009) Influence of grapevine training systems on vine growth and fruit composition: a review. Am J Enol Vitic 60:251–268
Reynolds AG, Edwards CG, Wardle DA, Webster DR, Dever M (1994) Shoot density affects ‘Riesling’ grapevines. I. Vine performance. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 119:874–880
Reynolds AG, Molek T, De Savigny C (2005) Timing of shoot thinning in Vitis vinifera: impacts on yield and fruit composition variables. Am J Enol Vitic 56:343–356
Reynolds AG, Lowrey WD, Tomek L, Hakimi J, de Savigny C (2007) Influence of irrigation on vine performance, fruti composition, and wine quality of Chardonnay in a cool, humid climate. Am J. Enol Vitic 58:217–228
Ribereau-Gayon P, Glories Y, Maujean A, Dubourdieu D (2000) Phenolic compounds. In: Ribereau-Gayon P, Glories Y, Maujean A, Dubourdieu D (eds) Handbook of enology, vol 2. The chemistry of wine stabilization and treatments, pp 129–187. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Roby G, Harbertson JF, Adams DA, Matthews M (2004) Berry size and wine water deficits as factors in winegrape composition: anthocyanins and tannins. Aust J Grape Wine Res 10:100–107
Romero EG, Muñoz GS, Ibáñez MDC (1993) Determination of organic acids in grape musts, wines and vinegars by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromat 655:111–117
Romero P, Fernández-Fernández JI, Martínez-Cutillas A (2010) Physiological thresholds for efficient regulated deficit-irrigation management in winegrapes grown under semiarid conditions. Am J Enol Vitic 61:300–312
Ruffner HP (1982) Metabolism of tartaric and malic acids in Vitis. A review-Part A1. Vitis 21:247–259
Salón JL, Chirivella C, Castel JR (2005) Response of Vitis Vinifera cv. Bobal to deficit irrigation in Requena, Spain. Water relations, yield and wine quality. Am J Enol Vitic 56:1–18
Shackel KA (2007) Water relations of woody perennial plant species. J Int Sci Vigne Vin 41:121–129
Smart RE, Coombe BG (1983) Water relations of grapevines. In: Kozlowski TT (ed) Water deficits and plant growth. Academic Press, New York, pp 137–196
Steel GD, Torrie JH (1980) Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw-Hill, USA, pp 195–233
Trought CT, Tannock SJC (1996) Berry size and soluble solids variation within a bunch of grapes. In: Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on cool climate viticulture and enology. V, pp 70–72
Turner NC (1981) Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status. Plant Soil 58:339–366
Valdés ME, Moreno D, Gamero E, Uriarte D, Prieto MH, Manzano R, Picon J, Intrigliolo DS (2009) Effects of cluster thinning and irrigation amount on water relations, growth, yield and fruit and wine composition of tempranillo grapes in extremadura (Spain). J Int Sci Vigne Vin 43:67–76
Williams LE, Matthews MA (1990) Grapevine. In: Stewart BA, Nielsen DR (eds) Irrigation of agricultural crops, agronomy monograph no. 30. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, pp 1019–1055
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by funds from INIA-FEDER project RTA2008-00037-C04-01, from project Rideco-Consolider CSD2006-0067 and from a collaboration agreement with Caja Campo and the Fundación Lucio Gil de Fagoaga. We are grateful to the “Estación Experimental de Enología y Viticultura Requena” for the vinifications. Thanks are also due to C. Chirivella, E. Navarro, S. Cárcel, I. Yeves, and C. García for help in field determinations and analytical determinations and to Dr. E. Carbonell and J. Pérez for help with the statistical analysis of data.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by S. Azam-Ali.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Intrigliolo, D.S., Castel, J.R. Interactive effects of deficit irrigation and shoot and cluster thinning on grapevine cv. Tempranillo. Water relations, vine performance and berry and wine composition. Irrig Sci 29, 443–454 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-010-0252-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-010-0252-2