Characterisation of buddingtonite (NH₄)[AlSi₃O₈] and ND₄-buddingtonite (ND₄)[AlSi₃O₈] using IR spectroscopy and Rietveld refinement of XRD spectra

Abstract

 Buddingtonite (NH₄)[AlSi₃O₈] and its deuterated analogue ND₄-buddingtonite (ND₄)[AlSi₃O₈] have been synthesised in 150-mg amounts at 500 and 400 °C and 500 MPa in 5-mm-wide, 4-cm-long Au capsules using René metal hydrothermal autoclaves. The resultant product consists of clumps of monoclinic crystals with diameters of 30–60 μm. The ND₄-buddingtonite contains minor amounts of NH₄-buddingtonite due to H₂ migration across the Au membrane. Using this synthesis technique resulted in >99% pure buddingtonite in 20% of the synthesis runs with the remaining synthesis runs containing very minor tobelite and quartz on the order of a few percent. IR spectra obtained from powdered samples are assigned on the basis of T _d symmetry for the ammonium molecule. They show triply degenerate vibrational bands (i.e. ν₃ and ν₄) and some overtones and combination modes from NH₄ ⁺ and ND₄ ⁺. While T _d symmetry for NH₄ ⁺ in buddingtonite is not completely correct due to distortion of the NH₄ ⁺ molecule, the non-cubic field is not large enough to cause a substantial splitting in the bands. However, this perturbation is documented in the IR spectra by a substantial increase in the FWHH as well as the occurrence of shoulders on the broadened bands. Rietveld analysis indicates that buddingtonite, like orthoclase, has a monoclinic structure with space group symmetry C2/m. Here, the NH₄ ⁺ molecule replaces the K⁺ cation on the nine fold coordinated A site which has m symmetry. Due to the larger size of the NH₄ ⁺ molecule, the N–O interatomic distances are larger than the K–O distances in pure orthoclase and range from 2.95 to 3.16 Å. This results in an increase in the volume of the polyhedron hosting the NH₄ ⁺ molecule. Also, in contrast to orthoclase, the polyhedron hosting the NH₄ ⁺ molecule becomes more regular. The rigid Al, Si tetrahedra of the framework adjust to this expansion of the A site by rotation. This results in larger unit cell parameters for buddingtonite when compared to natural and synthesised potassium feldspars. This increase is especially seen with respect to the lattice constants a and b and the monoclinic angle β which also are found to be extremely variable. In contrast, the c direction remains nearly unchanged. Investigations using IR spectroscopy indicate that it is unlikely that this variation in the a, b and β cell dimensions is caused by incorporation of H₃O⁺ or zeolitic water. Instead, it is more likely that substitution of NH₄ ⁺ for K⁺ coupled with Al, Si disorder are the chief contributors to these variations in the unit cell parameters for buddingtonite.