Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoids are neuroendocrine tumors originating in multiple locations throughout the GI tract. The prognosis for patients with GI carcinoid tumors is diverse. To determine the factors that significantly affect prognosis, we reviewed our experience. Between 1992 and 2000 a total of 70 patients with GI carcinoid tumors underwent surgical resection at our institution. The patients were grouped into three categories based on the origin of the carcinoid tumor: foregut, midgut, hindgut. The mean age of the patients was 56 ± 2 years. All patients with foregut carcinoids had symptoms upon presentation, whereas 61% of those with midgut carcinoids and only 37% of those with hindgut carcinoids had symptoms (p < 0.001). The factors that most strongly affected survival on univariate analysis were a symptomatic presentation and the site of origin. Patients with foregut or midgut lesions had lower 5-year disease-free survivals than those with hindgut tumors. Moreover, the size of the primary tumor and the presence of liver metastases were not independent predictors of survival. Despite the larger tumor size and the higher incidence of liver metastases, patients with foregut carcinoids appear to have the same prognosis as those with midgut carcinoids. These data therefore suggest that the outcomes of patients with carcinoid tumors are highly dependent on the presence of symptoms and the site of origin.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S Oberndorfer (1907) ArticleTitleUber die ’kleinen Dunndormcarcinome.’ Verh Dtsch. Ges. Pathol. 11 113–116
RJ Sanders et al. (1973) History RJ Sanders IN Kugelmass (Eds) Carcinoids of the Gastrointestinal Tract Charles C Thomas Springfield, IL 3–9
H Chen JM Hardacre A Uzar et al. (1998) ArticleTitleIsolated liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors: does resection prolong survival? J. Am. Coll. Surg. 187 88–92 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1072-7515(98)00099-4 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1czitFCltQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9660030
Sippel RS, Chen H. An update of carcinoid tumors. In Brunt LM, editor, Problems in General Surgery: Non-thyroid Endocrine Surgery, Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2003) Vol 20, No. 3, pp 125–133
IM Modlin A Sandor (1997) ArticleTitleAn analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumors Cancer 79 813–829 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiC2sjhs1w%3D Occurrence Handle9024720
JD Godwin (1975) ArticleTitleCarcinoid tumors: an analysis of 2837 cases Cancer 36 560–569 Occurrence Handle1157019
T Berge F Linell (1976) ArticleTitleCarcinoid tumors. frequency in a defined population during a 12 year period Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 86 322–330
IM Modlin KD Lyle M Kidd (2003) ArticleTitleA 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors Cancer 97 934–959 Occurrence Handle10.1002/cncr.11105 Occurrence Handle12569593
N Habal C Sims AJ Bilchik (2000) ArticleTitleGastrointestinal carcinoid tumors and second primary malignancies J. Surg. Oncol. 75 301–306 Occurrence Handle10.1002/1096-9098(200012)75:4<306::AID-JSO14>3.0.CO;2-3
YM Zakariai SHQ Quan SI Hafdu (1975) ArticleTitleCarcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract Cancer 35 588–591 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CSqD1M7ptlc%3D Occurrence Handle1111928
J Zeitels K Naumheim EL Kaplan et al. (1982) ArticleTitleCarcinoid tumors: a 37-year experience Arch. Surg. 117 732–737 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:Bi2C1c7mtVw%3D Occurrence Handle7073496
SM Sjoblom (1988) ArticleTitleClinical presentation and prognosis of gastrointestinal tumours Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 23 779–787 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiaC2crpvV0%3D Occurrence Handle3227292
GB Thompson JA Heerden Particlevan JK Martin SuffixJr et al. (1985) ArticleTitleCarcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: presentation, management and prognosis Surgery 98 1054–1062 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BimD2s%2FoslM%3D Occurrence Handle4071383
KO Shebani WW Souba DM Finkelstein et al. (1999) ArticleTitlePrognosis and survival in patients with gastrointestinal tract carcinoid tumors Ann. Surg. 229 815–821 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00000658-199906000-00008 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M3ptVGlsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10363895
PM Kirshbom AR Kherani MW Onaitis et al. (1999) ArticleTitleForegut carcinoids: a clinical and biochemical analysis Surgery 126 1105–1110 Occurrence Handle10.1067/msy.2099.101430 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2Fms1Wnsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10598194
MW Onaitis PM Kirshbom TZ Hayward et al. (2000) ArticleTitleGastrointestinal carcinoids: characterization by site of origin and hormone production Ann. Surg. 232 549–556 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00000658-200010000-00010 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2Fhs1eiuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10998653
ET Janson L Holmberg M Stridsberg et al. (1997) ArticleTitleCarcinoid tumors: analysis of prognostic factors and survival in 301 patients from a referral center Ann. Oncol. 8 685–690 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1008215730767 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiH2c3gtVA%3D Occurrence Handle9296223
BH Federspiel AP Burke LH Sobin et al. (1990) ArticleTitleRectal and colonic carcinoids: a clinicopathologic study of 84 cases Cancer 65 135–140 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By%2BD1M%2Fjs1E%3D Occurrence Handle2293859
AB Jetmore JE Ray JB Gathright et al. (1992) ArticleTitleRectal carcinoids: the most frequent tumor Dis. Colon Rectum 35 717–725 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By2A2MvkvVc%3D Occurrence Handle1643994
S Saha S Hoda R Godfrey et al. (1989) ArticleTitleCarcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a 44 year experience South. Med. J. 82 1501–1505 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By%2BD1cvmtlc%3D Occurrence Handle2595419
AP Burke RM Thomas AM Elsayed et al. (1997) ArticleTitleCarcinoids of the jejunum and ileum: an immunohistochemical and clinical pathological study of 167 cases Cancer 70 1086–1093 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970315)79:6<1086::AID-CNCR5>3.3.CO;2-8
CG Moertel WG Sauer MB Dockerty et al. (1961) ArticleTitleLife history of the carcinoid tumor in the small intestine Cancer 14 901–912 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CC%2BD1M7ntFM%3D Occurrence Handle13771655
JA Soreide JA Heerden Particlevan GB Thompson et al. (2000) ArticleTitleGastrointestinal World J. Surg. 24 1431–1436 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s002680010236 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FlslKntg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11038218
BC Morson (1978) The appendix WStC Symmers (Eds) Systemic Pathology, vol 3 Churchhill Livingstone New York 1175–1176
RC Foreman (1952) ArticleTitleCarcinoid tumors: a report of 38 cases Ann. Surg. 136 838–855 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CyyD3M%2FptVE%3D Occurrence Handle12986664
TH Wareing JL Sawyers (1983) ArticleTitleCarcinoids and the carcinoid syndrome Am. J. Surg. 145 769–772 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiyB38fnsVY%3D Occurrence Handle6859414
H Beaton W Homan P Dineen (1981) ArticleTitleGastrointestinal carcinoids and the malignant carcinoid syndrome Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 152 268–272 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:Bi6C38nntFU%3D Occurrence Handle7466571
CG Moertel LH Weiland DM Nagorney et al. (1987) ArticleTitleCarcinoid tumor of the appendix: treatment and prognosis N. Engl. J. Med. 317 1699–1701 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BieD1Mvlt1U%3D Occurrence Handle3696178
J Soga Y Yakuwa (1995) ArticleTitleGoblet cell carcinoids of the appendix: a statistical evaluation of the biological behavior in 170 cases collected from the literature as compared to 456 ordinary type appendiceal carcinoids J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 14 145–153
A Sandor IM Modlin (1998) ArticleTitleA retrospective analysis of 1570 appendiceal carcinoids Am. J. Gastroenterol. 93 422–428 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0002-9270(97)00117-2 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c7ns1ygsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9517651
JP Dunn (1982) ArticleTitleCarcinoid tumours of the appendix: 21 cases with a review of the literature N. Z. Med. J. 95 73–76 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:Bi2C1MnhslQ%3D Occurrence Handle6952109
E Williams M Sandler (1963) ArticleTitleThe classification of carcinoid tumors Lancet 1 238 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CC2C1M3ntlM%3D Occurrence Handle14000847
C Capella PU Heitz H Hofler et al. (1994) ArticleTitleRevised classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung, pancreas and gut Digestion 55 11–23 Occurrence Handle7698533
MA Memon H Nelson (1997) ArticleTitleGastrointestinal carcinoid tumors Dis. Colon Rectum 40 1101–1117 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiH3sfhs1w%3D Occurrence Handle9293943
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Van Gompel, J., Sippel, R., Warner, T. et al. Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors: Factors that Predict Outcome. World J. Surg. 28, 387–392 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-003-7019-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-003-7019-3