Skip to main content
Log in

Effect of internal biliary drainage on plasma levels of endotoxin, cytokines, and C-reactive protein in patients with obstructive jaundice

  • Original Scientific Reports
  • Published:
World Journal of Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Preoperative biliary drainage may improve the cytokine and acute-phase response derangements observed in patients with obstructive jaundice. We conducted a prospective longitudinal, before-after trial in our 600-bed teaching hospital. Twenty-four patients with obstructive jaundice were investigated, 11 with benign obstruction and 13 with malignant disease. Endoscopic internal biliary drainage was performed in all patients (7 by papillotomy and 17 by endoprostheses). Endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interIeukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide production, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined at admission and on days 2 and 7 after internal biliary drainage was accomplished. Bile cultures were obtained before and at the time of drainage. Endotoxin, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP were significantly higher in patients with cancer. After internal drainage, endotoxin (11.4 vs. 2 EU/L; p<0.05), TNF-α (87.5 vs. 48 pg/ml; p=0.03), and IL-6 (324 vs. 232 pg/ml;/ p<0.05) plasma levels decreased significantly in the early postdrainage period in patients with cancer. Endotoxin, cytokines, as well as the CRP plasma values, however, increased again on day 7 after drainage. This trend was less marked in patients with benign obstruction. Patients with positive bile cultures after drainage displayed higher levels of CRP (115 vs. 62 mg/L; p=0.03), IL-6 (598 vs. 330 pg/ml; p=0.04), and endotoxin (10.6 vs. 4.8 EU/L; p=0.02) than those with negative bile cultures. Biliary tract obstruction is associated with an increase in endotoxin levels, a positive acute-phase response, and plasma cytokine elevation. After biliary drainage a transitory improvement of these alterations was observed, although values remained high 1 week postdrainage. These findings were associated with positive bile cultures.

Résumé

Le drainage biliaire préopératoire peut améliorer les perturbations des cytokines et celles observées dans la réponse de la phase aiguë chez les patients atteints d’ictère obstructif. Cette étude, prospective, longitudinale, a consisté à étudier 24 patients atteints d’ictère obstructif, 11 d’origine bénigne, 13 d’origine maligne, avant et après traitement dans un Hôpital Universitaire de 600 lits. Les interventions comportaient toujours un drainage endoscopique interne (7 papillotomies et 17 endoprothèses). On a mesuré l’endotoxine, le facteur TNF-α, l’IL-6, la production en oxyde nitrique et la C-réactive protéine (CRP) au moment de l’admission et aux jours 2 et 7 après drainage biliaire interne. Des cultures ont été obtenues avant et au moment du drainage. Les taux d’endotoxine, de l’IL-6, du TNF-α et de la CRP étaient significativement plus élevés chez les patients atteints de cancer. Après drainage interne, les taux plasmatiques de l’endotoxine (11.4 vs. 2 EU/L; p<0.05), de TNF-α (87.5 vs. 48 pg/ml; p=0.03) et d’IL-6 (324 vs. 232 pg/ml; p<0.05) ont diminué de façon significative après drainage chez les patients atteints de cancer. Les taux d’endotoxine et des cytokines tout comme les taux plasmatiques de la CRP ont cependant augmenté au jour sept. Cette tendance a été moins marquée chez les patients porteurs d’obstruction bénigne. Les patients ayant des cultures de bile positives après drainage avaient un taux postdrainage plus élevé de CRP (115 vs. 62 mg/L; p=0.03), d’IL-6 (598 vs. 330 pg/ml; p=0.04) et d’endotoxine (10.6 vs. 4.8 EU/L; p=0.02) que ceux ayant des cultures de bile négatives. L’obstruction biliaire est associée à une augmentation des taux d’endotoxines, à une réponse de phase aiguë positive et à une élévation des cytokines plasmatiques. Après drainage biliaire, on observe une amélioration transitoire de ces altérations, même si les valeurs restaient élevées une semaine après le drainage, surtout en cas de cultures de bile positives.

Resumen

En pacientes ictéricos, el drenaje biliar preoperatorio parece mejorar las atocinas y las alteraciones de respuesta de la fase aguda. En un Hospital Universitario de 600 camas, se diseñó un estudio clínico prospectivo longitudinal. Se estudiaron 24 pacientes con ictericia obstructiva: La obstrucción era benigna en 11 y maligna en 13. El drenaje biliar interno se realizó por vía endoscópica (7 papilotomías y 17 endoprótesis). El día del ingreso y a los 2 y 7 días del drenaje biliar interno se determinaron: endotoxina, TNF-α, IL-6, producción de óxido nítrico y proteína C reactiva (CRP). Las endotoxina, IL-6, TNF-α y CRP estaban significativamente más elevadas en pacientes con cáncer. En pacientes cancerosos, tras drenaje interno, los niveles plasmáticos descendieron inmediata y significativamente: endotoxina (11.4 vs. 2 EU/L; p<0.05) TNF-α (87.5 vs. pg/ml; p=0.03), y IL-6 (324 vs. 232 pg/ml; p<0.05). Sin embargo, la citocina, endotoxina y los valores plasmáticos de la CRP volvieron ha elevarse al 7° día post-drenaje. Estas modificaciones fueron menores en pacientes con ictericia obstructiva benigna. Tras el drenaje, los pacientes con cultivos biliares positivos, mostraron mayores elevaciones de la CRP (115 vs. 62 mg/L; p=0.03), IL-6 (598 vs. 330 pg/ml; p=0.04) y de la endotoxina (10.6 vs. 4.8 EU/L; p=0.02), que aquellos cuyos cultivos fueron negativos. La obstrucción del colédoco se acompaña de: un incremento de los niveles de endotoxina, respuesta positiva de la fase aguda y elevación de las citocinas plasmáticas. Tras drenaje biliar se produce una mejora transitoria de las alteraciones observadas, aunque los parámetros persisten elevados transcurrida una semana del drenaje biliar. Este hecho se observó en pacientes con cultivos positivos en la bilis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bemelmans MH, Gouma DJ, Greve JW, et al. Effect of antitumour necrosis factor treatment on circulating tumour necrosis factor levels and mortality after surçerv in jaundiced mice. Br. J. Surs. 1993;80:1055–1058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Beinle EA, Vauthey JN, Moldawer LL, et al. Hepatic tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and distant organ dysfunction in a murine model of obstructive jaundice. Am. J. Surg. 1996;171:202–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bemelmans MH, Grève JW, Gouma DJ, et al. Increased concentrations of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and soluble TNF receptors in biliary obstruction in mice: soluble TNF receptors as prognostic factor for mortality. Gut 1996;38:447–453

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Jiang WG, Puntis MC, Mallet MB. Neutrophil priming by cytokines in patients with obstructive jaundice. HPB Surg. 1994;7:281–289

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Puntis MC, Jiang WG. Plasma cytokine levels and monocyte activation in patients with obstructive jaundice. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1996;11:7–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kimura F, Miyazaki M, Suwa T, et al. Serum interleukin-6 levels in patients with biliary obstruction. Hepatogastroenterology 1999;46:1613–1617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Haga Y, Sakamoto K, Egami H, et al. Changes in production of interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 associated with obstructive jaundice and biliary drainage in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Surgery 1989;106:842–848

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Falconer JS, Fearon KCH, Plester CE, et al. Cytokines, the acute-phase response and resting energy expenditure in cachectic patients with pancreatic cancer. Ann. Surg. 1994;219:325–331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fearon KCH, Falconer JS, Slater C, et al. Albumin synthesis rates are not decreased in hypoalbuminemic cachectic cancer patients with an ongoing acute-phase response. Ann. Surg. 1998;227:249–254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Csendes A, Burdiles P, Maluenda F, et al. Simultaneous bactériologie assessment of bile from gallbladder and common bile duct in control subjects and patients with gallstones and common duct stones. Arch. Surg. 1996;131:389–394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Grier JF, Cohen SW, Grafton WD, et al. Acute suppurative cholangitis associated with choledocal sludge. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1994;89:617–619

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Falconer JS, Fearon KCH, Ross JA, et al. Acute-phase protein response and survival duration of patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer 1995;75:2077–2082

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Espat NJ, Lopeland EM, Moldawer LL. Tumor necrosis factor and cachexia: a current perspective. Surg. Oncol. 1994;3:255–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Sitges-Serra A, Franch G. Nutritional assessment. In Payne-James J, Grimble G, Silk D, editors, Artificial Nutritional Support in Clinical Practice, Sevenoaks, Kent, Edward Arnold, 1995;127–136

    Google Scholar 

  15. Dowidar N, Kolmos HJ, Lyon H, et al. Clogging of biliary endoprostheses: a morphologic and bactériologie study. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1991;26:1137–1144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Van den Hazel SJ, Speelman P, Tytgat GNJ, et al. Role of antibiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent cholangitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1994;19:279–286

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Karsten TM, Allema JH, Reinders M, et al. Preoperative biliary drainage, colonisation of bile and postoperative complications in patients with tumours of the pancreatic head: a retrospective analysis of 241 consecutive patients. Eur. J. Surg. 1996;162:881–888

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Tomasulo PA, Levin J, Murphy PA, et al. Biological activities of tritiated endotoxins: correlation of the Limulus lysate assay with rabbit pyrogen and complement-activation assays for endotoxin. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1977;89:308–312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wachtel RF, Tsuji K. Comparison of Limulus amebocyte lysates and correlation with the United States Pharmacopeia pyrogen test. Appl. Environ. Microbial. 1977;33:1265

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Muntané J, Montero JL, Marchal T, et al. Effect of PgE1 on TNFα status and hepatic D-galactosamine-induced apoptosis in rats. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1998;13:91–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Padillo FJ, Gallardo JM, Naranjo A, et al. Changes in the pattern of visceral proteins after internal biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice. Eur. J. Surg. 1999;165:550–555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hatfield ARW, Terblanche J, Fataar S, et al. Preoperative external biliary drainage in obstructive jaundice. A prospective controlled trial. Lancet 1982;2:896–899

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. McPherson GAD, Benjamin IS, Hodgson HJF, et al. Preoperative percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: the results of a controlled clinical trial. Br. J. Surg. 1984;71:371–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gouma DJ, Moody FG. Preoperative percutaneous biliary drainage: use or abuse. Surg. Gastroenterol. 1984;3:74–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Pitt HA, Gomes AS, Lois JF, et al. Does preoperative percutaneous biliary drainage reduce operative risk or increase hospital cost? Ann. Surg. 1985;201:545–553

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sirenek KR, Levine BA. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and biliary decompression. Arch. Surg. 1989;124:885–888

    Google Scholar 

  27. Lygidakis NJ, Van der Heyde MN, Lubbers MJ. Evaluation of preoperative biliary drainage in the surgical management of pancreatic head carcinoma. Acta Chir. Scand. 1987;153:665–668

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Speer AG, Russell RCG, Hatfield ARW, et al. Randomised trial of endoscopic versus percutaneous stent insertion in malignant obstructive jaundice. Lancet 1987;2:57–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gallardo JM, Padillo FJ, Martín-Malo A, et al. Increased plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and endocrine markers of volume depletion in patients with obstructive jaundice. Br. J. Surg. 1998;85:28–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Padillo FJ, Gallardo JM, Gomez-Barbadillo J, et al. The effect of internal endoscopic biliary drainage on body compartment status in patients with obstructive jaundice. In Moreno E, Hidalgo M, editors, Proceedings Book 1999. I.H.P.B.A, Madrid, Jarpyo Eds. S.A., 1999;403–407

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kimura F, Hiyazaki M, Suwa T, et al. Hepatic protein synthesis and cytokines in obstructive jaundice. Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 1992;89:2673–2681

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Ballinger AB, Woolley JA, Ahmed M, et al. Persistent systemic inflammatory response after stent insertion in patients with malignant bite duct obstruction. Gut 1998;42:555–559

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kimmings AN, van Deventer SJH, Obertop H, et al. Endotoxin, cytokines, and endotoxin binding proteins in obstructive jaundice and after preoperative biliary drainage. Gut 2000;46:725–731

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Rosen HR, Winkle PJ, Kendall BJ, et al. Biliary interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1997;42:1290–1294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francisco J. Padillo M.D..

Additional information

Published Online: September 26, 2002

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Padillo, F.J., Muntane, J., Montero, J.L. et al. Effect of internal biliary drainage on plasma levels of endotoxin, cytokines, and C-reactive protein in patients with obstructive jaundice. World J. Surg. 26, 1328–1332 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-002-6232-9

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-002-6232-9

Keywords

Navigation